Chapter Seven

Question 1

socialized

Answer 1

process of acquiring social norms, values, behavior, and skills through interaction with significant others such as parents, peers, and teachers

Question 2

social process theory

Answer 2

view that criminality is a function of people’s interactions with various organizations, institutions, and processes in society

Question 3

social learning theory

Answer 3

view that people learn the techniques and attitudes of crime from close relationships with criminal peers; crime is a learned behavior

Question 4

social control theory

Answer 4

view that everyone has the potential to become a criminal, but most people are controlled by their bonds to society. Crime occurs when the forces that bind people to society are weakened or broken

Question 5

social reaction (labelling) theory

Answer 5

view that people become criminals when significant members of society label them as such and they accept those labels as a personal identity

Question 6

parental efficacy

Answer 6

the ability of parents to be supportive of their children and effectively control them in non-coercive ways

Question 7

differential association theory

Answer 7

view that people commit crime when their social learning leads them to perceive more definitions favoring crime than conventional behavior

Question 8

differential reinforcement

Answer 8

behavior is reinforced by being either rewarded or punished while interacting with other; also called direct conditioning

Question 9

negative reinforcement

Answer 9

using either negative stimuli or loss of reward to curtail unwanted behaviors

Question 10

neutralization theory

Answer 10

view that law violators learn to neutralize conventional values and attitudes enabling them to drift back and forth between criminal and conventional behavior

Question 11

drift

Answer 11

movement in and out of delinquency, shifting between conventional and deviant behaviors

Question 12

neutralization techniques

Answer 12

methods of rationalizing deviant behaviors, such as either denying responsibility or blaming the victim

Question 13

self-control

Answer 13

a strong moral sense that renders a person incapable of hurting others or violating social norms

Question 14

commitment to conformity

Answer 14

obedience to the rules of society and the avoidance of nonconforming behavior that may jeopardize an individual’s reputation and achievement

Question 15

moral filtering

Answer 15

process of making socially and morally responsible decisions

Question 16

moral entrepreneurs

Answer 16

individuals who create moral rules that reflect the values of those in power rather than any objective, universal standards of right and wrong

Question 17

stigmatize

Answer 17

to apply negative labeling with enduring effects on a person’s self-image and social interactions

Question 18

successful degradation ceremonies

Answer 18

a course of action or ritual in which someone’s identity is publicly redefined

Question 19

retrospective reading

Answer 19

reassessment of a person’s past to fit a current generalized label

Question 20

primary deviance

Answer 20

norm violation or crime that has little of no long-term influence on the violator

Question 21

secondary deviance

Answer 21

norm violation or crime that comes to the attention of significant others or social control agents, who apply a negative label that has long term consequences for the violators self-identity and social interactions

Question 22

deviance amplification

Answer 22

process whereby secondary deviance pushed offenders out of mainstream society and locks them into an escalating cycle of deviance, apprehension, labeling, and criminal self-identity

Question 23

racial profiling

Answer 23

the use of racial and ethnic characteristics by police in their determining whether a person is likely to commit a crime or engage in deviant and/or antisocial activities

Question 24

diversion programs

Answer 24

programs of rehabilitation that remove offenders from the normal channels of the criminal justice process, thus enabling them to avoid the stigma of a criminal label

Question 25

restitution

Answer 25

permitting an offender to repay the victim or do useful work in the community rather than facing the stigma of a formal trail and a court-ordered sentence

Question 26

culture conflict

Answer 26

result of exposure to opposing norms, attitudes, and definitions of right and wrong, moral and immoral