chapter three- England's relations with other foreign powers 1485-1509 Flashcards
How vulnerable was England in late fifteenth century Europe?
Ireland- was a country to be weary of thought by 1461 the rule of the English king would be limited to the Pale. Ireland would be a key concern due it providing an ideal springboard for an invasion attempt.
it had Yorkist sympathies
the area beyond the pale was not under control, due to the threat of Simnel Henry would also be weary.
Scotland- would be a country to be weary of due to the auld alliance with France, the king of Ireland would be utterly reliant on the nobility.
however, invasions could take place, the alliance with the French and there was a threat of border raids
Burgundy would be a country that England could not ignore, it would be a key centre for Englands train and Margaret of Burgundy could act against England.
Holy Roman Empire- the empire would be a central concern in Europe due to its large land mass and its strength, claims and ambitions in Italy, it would have ties with Mary of Burgundy when she would marry Maximillian 1st.
italy- would not be a concern for England, rather it would deter people away from fighting England. Italy would be a trigger to due to its weak and divided states, it was at the crossroads of Europe, was experiencing a cultural revolution and France and the Habsburg empire would have claims to this country.
Spain- could be a threat, though it may not be a direct concern, the key priorities of Ferndinad and Isabella would be to drive the moors out of the south of Spain, they wanted to secure their northern border and ferndinand would have claims to Naples. The unification of Spain would mean that there was a greater chance of Spain on the European stage.
igniting the possibility of war with France not with England
France- this was a key power that had a long history of tensions with England, would have the largest army in Europe, it was financially string and it had the largest population in Europe of 15 million
Brittany- Henry 7th would owe a lot to Brittany due to his exile in this country, though Brittany would soon be taken over by France regardless.
what were Englands key concerns/interests with regards to being involved in European affairs.
Calais and the hinterland were still controlled by England and would sill remain a strong power on the continent.
Burgundy, especially the port of Antwerp were an essential part of the cloth indutrsy and it would be important that they remained accessible.
Yorkist pretenders were likely to generate foreign-backed invasion attempts.
why was the Bretton Crisis significant?
Brittany was an independent duchy that was ruled by Duke Francis 2nd, he would have no male heir
France would want to incorporate Brittany into the French crown, Duke Francis would counter this by offering his daughter to Maximillian 1st
May 1487 French troops would invade Brittany, Henry would unofficially send to troops to Brittany to assist aid.
July 1488, Brittany crushed by France and the treaty of sable was signed, Anne has to ask for permission to marry Mary. Brittany would receive support from both Maximillian and ferndiand as between the, they would supply 2000 men, this not be enough.
Duke Francis will die
November 1488 Henry called Great Council and and they would grant him permission to attack France.
Henry would commit to key treaties, February 1489- the treaty of Dorecht with Burgandy
feb 1489- treaty of Redon with Brittany
March 1489- Medina del campo with Spain
July 1489- Maximillian signs the treaty of Frankfurt with France
Ferdinand will offer Joanna to Charles 8th
by the end of 1489 the plans to save Brittany have failed and by 1491 Anne of Brittany married Charles 8th
October 1492 Henry will invade France with 12,000 men, the treaty of Etaples will quickly be signed
Henry will have a net gain of £181,500 by the end of the crisis. This would also be a way for Henry to assert his force against the French as he would highlight his claim to the French crown, this would give Henry 5% of his income.
Henry would be able to defend national and dynastic interests and make a profit.
why does Spain matter? and the key people that are involved?
geographically, want to keep the moors out of the Iberian peninsula and they would be at war with France.
Ferndinand
Isabella
Catherine
Juana
Henry 7th
Prince Arthur
Duke Phillip, Joanna’s husband.
Maximillian 1st, the father of duke Phillip.
what was Henry’s foreign policy?
national security
recognition of the Tudor dynasty
defence of English trading interests.
Henry would have a much more defensive position than other monarchs, Henry would need to be, he would have a weak claim to the throne and there would be many claimants. Henry would be more inclined to have peace.
why did Henry summon parliament in 1489 to raise an army against the French using extradoriniary revenue?
his sense of obligations to the bretons
his fear that the direct French control of Brittany could increase threat to England.
Brittany what was it to France?
Fiefdom, this was where feudal overlordship was exercised.
the next heir would be Anne, a woman and the French would use this as their opportunity to claim Brittany.
what was significant about the treaty of Redon? and the subsequent events?
1489
the duchess Anne would pay for a small English army to handle the threat of the French.
Henry would also try and strengthen his alliance with Maximillian, there would be a contracted marriage-by-proxy with Anne.
the army would go to France though Anne would feel the futility and would surrender and would marry Charles 8th, which would leave the English army in Brittany and would force Maximillian to lose an interest in the matter.
The events would also be exaserbated as Perkin Warbeck would be seeking French backing.
Henry would be able to recover his position by seeking to invade France, Henry would be made aware that Charles would be more interested in launching an invasion of Italy and he would want to reach a peace settlement.
what was significant about the treaty of Etaples?
Charles would give up support of Perkin Warbeck and would pay Henry a French pension to compensate for having sought an army. Henry would be able to defend dynastic and national interests.
what was significant about Englands relations with Burgundy, the Netherlands and the Holy Roman Empire?
the bulk of Englands exports would go to the Netherlands, which was under Burgundy’s jurisdiction and significantly this was cotton and wool, the port was Antwerp and it would be important that England held good relations with the Netherlands. though goof relations would be threatened due to Margaret of Burgundy who would be Edward 4th sister and her step-son in law and also be Maximillian and this would threaten relations due to the hospitality that the Holy Roman Empire was giving to Perkin Warbeck. Henry would force a trade embargo with Burgundy to see if this would change matters, though he put two of his foreign policies at risk national security and securing dynastic interests.
though relations would be improved when Perkin Warbeck would leave the country and the intercursus Magnus in 1496 would be agreed and this would bring the trade embargo to an end.
Englands relations would again become central with the treaty of Windsor, which followed the death of Isabella of Castle. this would be the intercursus malus and this would of had a strong trade deal with merchants in the Netherlands (though this would never be put in practice)
another outcome of this would be that the Earl of Suffolk would be handed over by Phillip and Maximillian and this would state that Henry would be willing to strengthen his trading position ad the security of the dynasty.
why was England’s relations with Spain important? and what was the significance of the media del campo? The 1489
the media del cap would be designed to give Henry some of the international peace that he aspired to have, this would also be a successful treaty as it would allow his dynasty to be treated as an equal. he would want:
the two monarchs to have mutal protection in the event of an attack
not to harbour rebels to pretenders
a marriage alliance between Catherine and Author.
there would be problems with the treaty:
the arrangements for the marriage would not go smoothly
Ferdinand would question the wedding as Henry and his relations would be threatened by pretenders.
they would argue over the side of Catherines dowry
however problems would be faced following the death of Arthur in 1502:
Henry would suggest that Catherine would marry Henry’s younger son though ferndinand would suggest that it would require a papal dimension
with the death of Isabella in 1504, Henry would lose his want for the marriage
Juana and Phillip of Burgundy would go and set sail for Spain and would be forced to take refuge in England when their ship was wrecked at sea.
Henry would take advantage of this and he would secure the treaty of Windsor in 1506.
the intercursus malus
the return of the earl of Suffolk
there would be a proposed marriage alliance with Henry and the Archduchess Margaret.
Henry would recognise Juana and Philip as rulers of Spain.
Though Phillip would soon die and this would prove to be disastrous for Henry.
Juana would be described as having gone mad
Ferdinand would become regent of Castille
this would leave Henry isolated he would have been outsmarted by another monarch
Ferdinand would ensure that the marriage between Catherine of Aargon and Henry would not take place in his lifetime.
what was the significance of the relations with Scotland?
1495-96- Warbeck would stay in Scotland and would even marry James 4ths cousin Lady Catherine Gordon and in 1496 James would encourage warbeck to cross the border with an army, it would not gain any support in Northumberland though the threat would be very much prominent, this would soon prompt Henry to raise an army which would lead to a taxation rebellion the following year, the Cornish rebellion in 1497. Truce of Ayton- this would be a treaty of peace, though this would not take place until Warbeck was executed.
1498- relations would begin to improve and warbeck would no longer be needed.
1501-03- the perpetual peace treaty would state that James should marry Princess Margaret, Henry’s daughter the marriage would take place in 1503.
these successful relations would last until the end of henrys reign and would prove that he had secured his dynasty.
what was the significance of the relations with Ireland?
beyond the pale, the prominent figure would be the Earl of Kildare and he would be feared by Henry because he had Yorkist sympathies, this would be reinforced by Kildare crowning Lambert Simnel king, though he would not support warbeck in 1491.
Actions that Henry would take:
he would not rely on the established Irish aristocracy and he would attempt the more costly approach of trying to rule the pale through an Englishman that was backed by an armed force.
he would appoint prince Henry as the lieutenant and would appoint sir Edward poynings as his deputy.
poynings law would be passed in 1495- the Irish parliament could pass no law without the prior approval of the English crown, would attempt to implement English law into Ireland, this would prove to be too successful especially when Kildare would return to Ireland, so he would have to rely on Kildare.
though, in 1496 Kildare would decide to support Henry loyally as there was no point in supporting the Irish cause.
securing the succession and marriage alliances?
Arthur would suddenly die in April 1502 and this would cause Henry to become the heir, whom was still a child and it would alarm people what might happen if Henry was to die whilst his son was still a child.
he would also need to dispose the threat of the earl of Suffolk- though Juana and Phillip would have no choice but have to take refuge in the country and this would force Phillip of Burgundy to hand the earl back.
though many people sought to harm the succession of the crown and position themselves effectively after the kings death, Bishop Fox and Richard Weston would seek to do this along with Empson and Dudley, whom would be arrested sending a clear message that new regime would be different from the old.
following the death or Arthur Henry sought for his younger son to marry Catherine of Aragon. a formal treaty would be confirmed in 1502 that a dispensation would be needed to prove that Catherine was not related to Henry. Princess Margaret was to be married to James 4th of Scotland, this would help to strengthen alliances. Henry would even consider some marriage alliances himself.
Henry would also face the loss of his wife in 1503, this would confirm that Henry would not be able to have any more question and it would also raise the question of whether he should marry. Henry would seek some options which would never work, Joanna of Naples though this would not work due to harmed relations with Spain and he would also need to make sure that he would not lose the support of Spain and Burgundy. Henry would also seek to marry Margaret of Savoy. When in 1506, Phillip was forced to take shelter, Henry would attempt to use this time to marry the sister of Phillip.
how important was trade to Henry?
france
treaty of etaples
1485 Navigation Act- forbade transportation of gascony wine in anything other than English ships.
1486 trade restrictions from previous reigns removed
1487 reimposed due to Britains support for the Bretton crisis.
Spain
Medina del campo
1494: Navigation Act that would have a damaging affect on English trade.
Burgundy
1487 commercial agreement for one year
1493 ban on English trading using burgundy because of maximillians support for the Yorkist pretender perking warbeck, had to use port of calais and not Antwerp
intercursus Magnus/malus
Hanseatic league
1487 banned the export of unfinished cloth by alien merchants
1493 Henry would pay minimal compensation when the Hansa’s London headquarters were attacked by a mob angry at the leagues privileges.
1504 Henry would support act restoring the privilege this was at the time when he wanted the earl of Suffolk back who was a fugitive in Germany.
Henry would pay attention to trade as he was aware that he needed to in order to sustain a healthy foreign policy. for example the trading relationship with Burgundy would seem to be rather static.
