chapter 9- foreign relations and securing the succession

Question 1

The significance of henry’s foreign policy from 1509-14?

Answer 1

there would be conflict between Henry and the concillliar government at there would be the renewal of the treaty of Etaples in 1510, this would be a continuation of peace, though Henry would be war-hungry.
Henry would sent the archbishop of York to Rome this would lead to the creation of the holy league, which would lead to an anti-french alliance.
Though it would be proven that Henry was being used by ferndinand of Aragon and the emperor Maximillian, in 1512 Henry would send an army of 10,000 men to southwest France though this would be used to benefit of Ferndiand as he would conquer Navarre.
im 1513, Henry would send a force to northeastern France, this would lead to the victory at the battle of spurs, though it can be said that this victory was heavily exaggerated using propaganda, he would also be able to capture the towns of Therouanne and Tournai.
1513, would be the Scottish conflict at the battle of flodden, James 4th would pass the border into England and this would put away by English force, James would be killed. The throne was in the hands of the infant James 5th.

Question 2

was anything gained from Henry and his military ventures in 1513?

Answer 2

the war in Scotland would be costly and Henry would have to liquidate assets from his father in order to pay for it.
similar to 1489 there would be the issues in Yorkshire over taxation and this would narrowly lead to a failed revolt.
the French pension would be lost.
Tournaui would be given back to the French.
Another campaign would be attempted in 1514 but it would lost when both Spain and the HRE would make peace with France
Though Wolsey would be able to re-secure the French pension and also the marriage alliance between henry’s sister and the older king of France.

Question 3

who were the key players in foreign policy?

Answer 3

HRE- Charles v
Burgundy- would be passed to the Hapsburgs in 1477
Spain- Charles 1st
Scotland- James v
France- Francis 1st.

Question 4

what 3 key points can be made from the foreign policy of 1514-26?

Answer 4

1, England would remain a minor power.
2, Wolsey would have to frame the FP based on false assumptions that were made by Henry.
3, the auld alliance between France and Scotland would remain strong, though this would change depending on Englands relationship with France.

Question 5

what was the consequences of Henry running out of Money?

Answer 5

1, he would be unable to exploit the weakness of Scotland following the death of James 4th
2, the marriage between Mary and Louis would be short lived.

Question 6

what was the significance of the marriage between Mary Louis?

Answer 6

The marriage would take place on 9th October 1514 and it would end when Louis would die in early 1515. Mary would marry the Duke of Suffolk which would mean that Henry could not use this marriage for diplomatic gain. This would cause difficulties between Henry and his sister.

Question 7

what is the significance of the field of Cloth of Gold?

Answer 7

this would help to reinforce the good relations between England and France, the Field of Cloth of Gold would take place in June of 1520. This was a meeting that took place over two weeks and would be lavishly decorate, though Henry would be defeated by a wrestling match, it would be estimated that the event cost £15,000. Though nothing diplomatic would arise.

Question 7

what was the significance of foreign policy from 1514-26?

Answer 7

the death of king Louis would bring another young king, Francis 1st to the forefront and Henry would see him to be a strong political rival. There would also be accession of Charles v to Spain, he would seek the treaty of Cambrai in 1517, this would be agreed with the French and the HRE, which would leave England isolated.
The French would also undermine the relations between Scotland and England, this was because the Duke of Albany was a member of the French nobility, he would also be regent of the Scottish throne- however, there were divisions among the French nobility.
The treaty of London in 1518 would help to end the isolation that England was under, this would be prompted by the pope who would want a strong christian front, this would help to aid peace negotiations between England and France- this would also become the treaty of perpetual peace which would also involve, the HRE and Spain. This would be undermined by future conflicts but it would help Wolsey, he would be made papal legate by the pope in 1518.
the good relations between England and France would continue, regarding tournai and the pension.

Question 8

what was the significance of the conflict between the powers?

Answer 8

conflict would arise between Francis and Charles, Wolsey would negotiate the treaty pf bruges and Henry would want to side with Charles.
he could improve his relations with the pope.
he might gain more territory in Frnace
there would also be a marriage alliance between the emperors young daughter and henry’s daughter princess Mary.
English armies would invade northern France, this would prove costly and little would be gained.
The Battle of pavia in 1525 would prove that Henry would have a lack strategic awareness and he would want to benefit from the defeat of the HRE, Henry would suggest that the two powers should complete a joint campaign but Charles would not agree to this, this would affect Henry.
his ego was buried.
he would be angry towards Charles and after he would end the marriage alliance.
Wolsey would be affected.
this would mean that Henry and Wolsey would be forced to commit to pro-french policy, Henry would lend support to the league of Cognac, though this would be a failure for Henry as Henry would be put on bad terms with the pope which would not help with his great matter, this would bring down Wolsey.

Question 9

what is the significance of the battle of pavia?

Answer 9

this would regularly involve france against Spain and the HRE, England would be a minor party and this battle would also be imorotnat because Charles would be held captive by Francis.

Question 10

the significance of the foreign policy between 1527-40?

Answer 10

the treaty of amiens would take pl ace in 1527 and the English would be forced to make an anti-imperial alliance, this would highlight the failure of Henry to deal with his great matter.
Wolsey would put in a trade embargo in burgundy put the power of Charles would just lead to social problems in England, the strength would also be shown when he would have a victory at the battle of Landriano in 1529 and he would also be dominant in the peace of Cambrai, which would force the French to give up on Italy.
1532- Henry would make an alliance with france, but because they were both in a weak position this was threatened. Henry would also seek further problems when Francis would want to seek a marriage alliance between his son and the popes niece.
Henry would be forced to break with Rome, he would be able to achieve this because Charles would be busy dealing with the Turks.
Henry would try and also seek an alliance with the League of Schmalkalden.

Question 11

why would Henry be fortunate in 1536?

Answer 11

there would be the death of Catherine of Aragon and the execution of Anne Boleyn which would renew the chance of relations with the emperor.
there would also be fighting between the emperor and Francis, which would help with England’s position.

Question 12

why would henry’s position be made weak in 1538?

Answer 12

Charles and Francis would agree to the treaty of Nice which would affect their relations with England.
pope published a bull, meaning that English Catholics would be absolved from the need to obey their ruler.
the pope would send envoys to france and Scotland to see if there was support for a Catholic crusade.

whilst, Francis and Charles did not trust eachother Henry would still be keen for the six acts to be published in 1539 and he would also decide to marry Anne of cleves, this marriage would also take place with Henry wanting another alliance with the league of Schmalkalden. though the marriage would not be successful.

Question 13

what was the significance of the events in Ireland during this time?

Answer 13

the relations with Ireland and Henry at the start of his reign would be in a positive place, the pale was being governed by Kildare, though this would soon break down especially once the relationship between the king and Kildare would begin to fail.
The dismissal of Kildare would lead to rebellion in 1534, this would be led by his son Thomas Fitzgerald, there would be a failed attempt to re-fashion the government of Ireland, though it would require an English-born deputy so Ireland would begin to become a drain.
there would also be a large resentment of the Gaelic Lords two of these would be nobles under the name of O’Neill and O’Donnel, they would ivade the pale in 1939. the English would try to make Ireland its own kingdom though with English laws, this would also be completed through the lordships, some of whom would gain some peerage. there crown would not be able to follow through with the reforms and there was a lack of support for the English- this relationship would soon become complex.

Question 14

what was the significance of foreign policy from 1540-47?- Scotland

Answer 14

There would be military success when England would invade Scotland in 1542, the Scots would lose at the battle of Solway Moss, James V would also die which would mean that the crown was in the hands of the infant princess Mary. Though, Henry would be more keen for success in France.
Henry would seek to Mary Edward to Mary, there would be support for English policy which would be said by the Earl of Arran, though Sir Ralph Sandler would state that there would be widespread suspicion and that Mary would not be allowed to be brought up in England.
The Scottish parliament would refuse the ratify the treaty of Greenwich of 1543, this would make Henry for the Earl of Hertford to carry out a raid on Edinburgh.
Henry can be criticised for this policy for many reasons, he would neglect the chance to secure his policy by military force.
he would fail to listen to the warning about Scottish hostility,
by making Hertford go to Scotland this did not show any clear sign of objective, would antagonise the scots.

Question 15

what was the significance of foreign policy from 1540-47?- France

Answer 15

so that Henry could invade the French he would agree an alliance with the emporer in 1544, Henry would want to be at the front of his army, though this army would confine itself to Calais, though the army would be able to capture Boulogne. Though the emperor would make peace with Francis.
Matters would become worse in 1945 when:
Francis would send troops to Scotland to reinforce the chance of an invasion.
the English would be defeated at the battle of antrum moor
a separate French force would land on the Isle of Wight
Henrys flagship would sink.
Though the French would not be able to capture Boulogne and there would be no invasion in the north east.
peace would be agreed in 1546, though financially there would be a lot stran put on Henry, he would not be able to rely on extraordinary revenue and he would have to sell much of the crown estate.

Question 16

how did Henry secure his succession?

Answer 16

Henry would have an obsession with securing a male heir and this would lead to the failure of his first marriage this was because Catherine would be unable to produce any male heirs, Henry would believe that this would be a punishment from God. princess Mary would be born in 1516.
He would then Marry Anne Boleyn who would give birth to princess Elizabeth on 7 September 1533 and her place would be secured bt the succession act in 1534, this would declare that Mary would be illegitimate.
the execution of Anne would mean that Elizabeth would be illegitimate and this would be confirmed by the end 1536 succession act, he would have 3 illegitimate children and in the succession act Henry would be able to determine the succession by will or letters patent, this would mean that the duke of Richmond could have become king but he would soon die.
in 1537 Henry would have his son Edward and he would be made legititmatr the death of henrys former wives, despite the fact that Henry was not yet married to Jane Seymour. With henry’s failing health, in 1543 there would be a succession act which would confirm both Elizabeth and Mary to be legitimate. There would be further securing of his succession in 1546 when Henry would also put his sister Mary into his will, should all 3 of his children die. there would also be a regency council that would help with Edward but this would be rarely seen.

Question 17

how far was henry’s foreign policy to do with divorce from CofA?

Answer 17

there was little threat posed by Charles V as he was forced to deal with the threat from the turks. Henry would also receive some assistance from Francis, so that the pope could nullify his marriage. This would be heightened when it would be suggested that Anne Boleyn would be the new queen.

Question 18

how significant was the threat from Scotland?

Answer 18

when war would happen in 1512, this would ignite the auld alliance. The mother of James V would not take the regency like Henry would hope she would also be married the Earl of Angus, the regency would be given to Duke of Albany and he would be French also. Scotland would be named as the first priority in 1523. The defeat at the battle of Pavia would help England. in 1537 the Scottish problem would happen again when James V would marry the daughter of Francis 1st.

Question 19

how significant was the threat from Ireland?

Answer 19

it would be said that the Irish Gaelic lords may have rebelled with the other catholic states of Europe, but that was not a significant threat. The rebellion which would be started by Thomas Offaly, would be stopped in October 1534, when Sir William Skeffington would land in Ireland and by 1537 Thomas and his 5 uncles would be executed in London. Cromwell would want to put parts of Ireland under Royal control and he would also put Irish parliament back into active life, this would see the suspension of Poynings law. Though, Henry would want to gain the support of the Irish lords, whom would surrender their lands though they would gain the title of knighthood. For example, Tirlogh, O’toole would become a kings tenant by knight service.

Question 20

what was the crisis of 1539?

Answer 20

the two sides would meet in 1538, both Charles and Francis this would worry Henry. Henry would want to break up the relationship between these two countries and would even offer himself to marriage.
there were more steps that were taken to put Henry in a better position with the continent, for example talks would take place in 1539 with the Schmalkaldic league, this would lead to the first Lutheran talk which would also lead to the Act of Six Articles being passed. There would also be talks that would be opened with the Duke of cleves, which Henry would soon become bound to by marriage. This marriage would be an embarresement and would instead just symbolise division, Henry would blame Cromwell for the marriage as he would negotiate the talks.

Question 21

what was the significance of the policy of war?

Answer 21

foreign policy between 1538 and 47 would cost £2 million, and the king would have an annual income of 150,000. Henry would say that he would have to solve the problem of the Scottish and in 1543 he would write a long paper. for example Henry was worried about the auld alliance and he would demand that there would be the mobilisation of the Scottish levies in 1542.
Henry would also seek to strengthen his position by allying with Charles V, within two years that would be invasion of France.
by 1546 there would be peace with france and England would be granted Boulogne fro eight years and he would also be granted the French pension.
Though, in reality Henry would not be able to ease the tension with Scotland.