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Human Physiology I > Chapter Three > Flashcards

Chapter Three Flashcards

1
Q

Membrane potential

A

Difference in charge between the ICF and ECF
-all cells have this
-aids in communication

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2
Q

The charge inside/ in the ICF

A

Slightly negative

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3
Q

The charge outside/ ECF

A

Slightly positive

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4
Q

Extracellular concentration of Na+ and K+

A

150mM
5mM

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5
Q

Intercellular concentrations of Na+ and K+

A

15mM and 150mM

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6
Q

Permeability of concentrations of Na+ and K+

A

1 and 50-75

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7
Q

Ratio of Na+:K+

A

3:2

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8
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

Potential that exists when cell is not being excited

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9
Q

Potential to do work is

A

Separation of charges

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10
Q

Neural communication

A

Nerve muscle and electrical signals

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11
Q

Excitable tissues are able to create

A

Electrical signals

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12
Q

Resting potential in mV

A

-70

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13
Q

Polarization

A

Membrane potential is at other than 0mV

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14
Q

Depolarization

A

Less polarization than resting potential
-positive
-opening of sodium channels (Na+ in flux)

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15
Q

Depolarization permeability occurring

A

Increase of permeability of NA+

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16
Q

How long does depolarization last in msec

A

0.5msec

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17
Q

Repolarization time taking

A

0.5msec

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18
Q

Repolarization

A

Returns to resting potential
-negative movement

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19
Q

Permeability during Repolarization

A

K+ permeability increases

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20
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

Goes even further negative, then needs energy to bring back to resting

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21
Q

What occurs during hyperpolarization

A

Leakage of K+

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22
Q

What occurs during polarization

A

Na+ and K+ pump rests

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23
Q

Potential change

A

Have to use the channels
-graded potential
-action potential

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24
Q

Anion concentrations in Extracellular

A

Zero

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25
Anion intercellular concentration
65
26
Anion permeability concentration
Zero
27
Graded potential
-short distance signal -with variable strength depending on stimuli Sodium channels open and depolarize
28
What does it mean by graded potential is decremental
There is a leakage of ions and cytoplasmic resilience (loss of charge)
29
Examples of graded potential
-postsynaptic signal -receptor potential -end plate potential (EPP) -pacemaker potential
30
Postsynaptic signal
Graded signals across junction of nerve #1 and #2
31
Receptor potential
Receptors produce excitation at attachment of nerve
32
EPP
Nerve meeting a muscle
33
pacemaker potential
Creating your own pace -internal organs/smooth muscle -no waste of energy
34
Action potential
-large signal and long distance signal -extremely rapid and in a small region -has a threshold potential -SPIKES (rising and falling)
35
Threshold potential
Needs a certain amount of strong stimuli to set off -all or nothing principle
36
How long is action potential
1.0 msec
37
Action potential energy change
100mv
38
Four channels
-voltage gate -chemically gated -mechanical gate -thermo channel
39
Voltage gate
Open and close in response to change -example is sodium
40
Chemically gated
Bind chemical responses to membrane receptor Example- neurotransmitter (synapse)
41
Mechanical gate
Respond to stretch, touch and mechanicals Example- scratching
42
Thermochannel
Heat and cold triggers
43
Positive feedback circle
Triggering event —> depolarization (dec membrane potential——>opening of some voltage gated Na+ channels ——-> influx of Na+ (dec mem potential more)
44
Resting potential means a _____ gate
Closed gate
45
At triggering even the gates ____
Open
46
Activation gate
-opening of gate during triggering event Na+ influx
47
Inactivstion gate
-closing the gate Ball and chain gate -permeability of Na+ goes down
48
What is the absolute refractory period
-Na+ channels are closed and cannot be stimulated again -unidirectional (forward never backward) -all or none
49
Why is the absolute refractory period negative
Due to open K+
50
Relative refractory period
Another action potential can happen -but needs to be a greater stimuli Na+ is closed: K+ is open
51
Myelinated fiber
Faster, less ATP used -has node of ranvier -myelin sheath
52
Unmyelinated fiber
Slower, uses more ATP -needs a domino touch of each cell membrane
53
Propogation
-contagious conduction -saltatory conduction
54
Contagious conduction
-action potential travels through all of the cell -unmyelinated
55
Saltatory conduction
-jumps over myelin insulation -myelinated -50x faster
56
Axon
The start of action potential -Has many Na+, K+ channels
57
ALS
Cytoskeleton failure
58
Cell body
Healthy, chemical requirements
59
Dendrites
The input zone, with messaging -range from many to few (depending on function)
60
Axon terminals
Output of message
61
Synapse
The junction between two neurons -exocytosis
62
During an action potential, what happens to the Ca2+ terminals? And what does this do?
They open up, and this triggers vesicles to release
63
_____ entrees the synaptic knob (presynaptic terminal) and does what?
Ca2+ -mobilizes vesicles -as a signal
64
______ is released by _______ into the synaptic cleft
Neurotransmitter and exocytosis
65
Neurotransmitters bind to ______ ____ on the post synaptic neuron
Receptor sites
66
Specific ion channels _____ into the sub synaptic membrane
Open
67
Very simple three steps of synapse
1. Mobilize vesicles 2.neurotransmitters release into cleft 3. Chemically gated channels receive
68
Presynaptic neuron ——>
Postsynaptic neuron
69
Neurotransmitter at clef….
Releases into next neuron
70
Excitatory synapse (EPSP)
-response to neurotransmitter is a small depolarization —> towards threshold
71
Inhibitory synapse IPSP
Response to neurotransmitter by a small hyperpolarization -further from threshold
72
Myelin is created by _____ in the PNS
Schwann cells
73
Myelin is created by _____ in the CNS
Oligodendrocytes
74
Smooth muscle is made of ______
Unmyelinated fiber
75
Skeletal muscle is made up of _____
Myelinated fiber
76
Speed difference between myelinated and Unmyelinated fibres
Myelinated: 120 m/s Unmyelinated: 0.7 m/s
77
The _____ the fiber diameter the _____
Larger, faster
78
Multiple sclerosis
Demyelinating disease -progressive Symptoms: fatigue, wheelchair bound, loss of vision, muscle weakness
79
Theorized causes of MS
-Early herpes (6 and 4) infection -environment
80
Grand post synaptic potential GPSP
-spatial and temporal Dictated by rates of firing of the presynaptic neurons that jointly control grand membrane potential
81
Delay in GPSP is
0.5m/s -readjustment
82
Spatial in GPSP
Simultaneous stimulation of Ex1 and Ex2
83
Temporal in GPSP
Before cell dies off, Ex1 stimulates again and adds onto stimulations
84
No summation in GPSP
Ex1 is stimulated a second time, triggering EPSP of same magnitude after cell dies off
85
EPSP and IPSP cancellation in GPSP
Ex1 and In1 will cancel each other out
86
Axon terminal of one neuron is the
Presynaptic neuron
87
Dendrites or cell body of a second neuron
Postsynaptic neuron
88
Presynaptic neuron lies ____ the synapse
Before
89
Postsynapic neuron lies ____ the synapse
After
90
The Presynaptic neuron conducts its action potential ___ the synapse
Towards
91
Synaptic knob
End of the Presynaptic neuron -slight swelling -contains synaptic vesicles
92
Synaptic vesicles
Store a specific chemical messenger -neurotransmitter
93
Does the synaptic knob directly touch the postsynaptic neuron?
No -very close proximity tho
94
Postsynaptic neuron takes action potential ____ the synapse
Away
95
Synaptic clef
The space between the Presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons
96
What voltage gated channel is activated when the AP in a Presynaptic neuron has been propogated
Calcium
97
Calcium channels are activated by changes in
Electrical potential
98
Is calcium more concentrated in ECF or ICF and why?
The ECF -creates inward electrical gradient, flowing into the synaptic knob
99
Calcium induces the release of a _______ from some of the synaptic vesicles into the _________
-neurotransmitter -synaptic cleft
100
Total reaction time
Response to the stimulus
101
Neurotransmitter release is accomplished by _______
Exocytosis
102
What does the released neurotransmitter bind with
-specific protein receptors On the subsynaptic membrane
103
Subsynaptic membrane
The postsynaptic membrane, directly below the synaptic knob
104
After the neurotransmitter bins with the subsynaptic membrane, what happens to the ion channels?
Triggers them to open -changing the ion permeability of Postsynaptic neuron

Human Physiology I (10 decks)

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