Chap 5

Question 1

Perception

Answer 1

Our own indivudal perspective
-based off of senses, memory and emotion

Question 2

Modality

Answer 2

Energy form of the stimulus occurring
-light and soundwaves

Question 3

Transduction

Answer 3

Conversion of one modality into another form
-light into image
-sound wave into language

Question 4

Types of Adaption

Answer 4

Slow and phasic

Question 5

Afferent neurons are

Answer 5

Sensory or receptor neurons

Question 6

Where do afferent nerve impulses go

Answer 6

Toward the CNS

Question 7

Where do afferent neurons get signals from

Answer 7

Receptors or sense organs

Question 8

Receptors are found in

Answer 8

The PNS

Question 9

Processing centres are found in

Answer 9

The CNS

Question 10

What is the somatosensory system

Answer 10

Creates sensory modalities
-such as pain and temperature
Thru receptors and centres

Question 11

Somatosensory receptors

Answer 11

Free nerve ending consisting of a neuron with an exposed receptor

Question 12

Special senses receptors

Answer 12

Used in the ear
-mechanical stimulation into a neural signal

Question 13

Photoreceptors

Answer 13

Visible wavelengths of light

Question 14

Mechanoreceptors

Answer 14

Sensitive to mechanical energy
-skeletal muscles stretch
-vibration

Question 15

Thermoreceptors

Answer 15

Sensitive to amounts of heat

Question 16

Chemoreceptors

Answer 16

Specific chemicals
-smell, taste, digestive tract

Question 17

Receptor potential

Answer 17

Receptors is a separate entity
-although in close proximity to afferent neuron
-has to cross the clef

Question 18

Generator

Answer 18

There is a specalized connected, gated channel that allows the receptor to travel directly to afferent neurons

Question 19

Somatosensory pathways

Answer 19

Stimuli’s to receptors to afferent to brain stem or spinal cord to thalamus to higher cortex

Question 20

Stimuli’s goes to

Answer 20

Receptors

Question 21

Receptors go to

Answer 21

Afferent

Question 22

The afferent is a

Answer 22

First order

Question 23

Afferent goes to

Answer 23

Brain or spinal cord

Question 24

Brain stem or spinal cord goes to

Answer 24

Thalamus
(This is second order)

Question 25

Thalamus goes to

Answer 25

Higher cortex (Third order)

Question 26

Slow adaptation

Answer 26

Keeps producing -proprioceptors, stretch reflexes

Question 27

Phasic adaptation

Answer 27

Fire when stimuli’s is applied -there is a blip when its off Example- touch and olfaction

Question 28

Second order neuron always goes too

Answer 28

Thalamus

Question 29

Acuity

Answer 29

Influenced by receptors field size -there is a discriminative ability -large and small fields

Question 30

Large fields are

Answer 30

One point perspectives

Question 31

Small fields are

Answer 31

Two points perspectives -two different afferent neurons

Question 32

Lateral inhibition

Answer 32

Area closest to the stimuli’s out stimulizes the neurons around

Question 33

Free nerve ending

Answer 33

Senses hair movement and itching Found: base of hair follicle

Question 34

Meissners corpuscles

Answer 34

Senses light touches, flutter and stroking Found: finger tips, lips and nipples

Question 35

Marker discs

Answer 35

Texture and steady pressure -mammary glands

Question 36

Ruffini corpuscles

Answer 36

Respond to skin stretch -deeper layers of skin

Question 37

Pacinian corpuscles

Answer 37

Senses vibration, deep pressure and touch -most common

Question 38

Fast pain

Answer 38

Sharp stabbing pain -first stage pain -myelinated

Question 39

Slow pain

Answer 39

Dull aching pain -second stage -unmyelinated

Question 40

Nociceptors

Answer 40

Pain receptors

Question 41

Somatic pain

Answer 41

Pain that should not last long Example- muscle pain

Question 42

An injury by pain definition

Answer 42

Pain that lasts longer than it should

Question 43

Referred or visceral pain

Answer 43

Deep organ pain that is felt on the skin level Example: heart pain is felt on left arm/shoulder

Question 44

Neuropathic pain

Answer 44

Chronic pain that doesn’t every go away -usually inexplainable

Question 45

Phantom pain

Answer 45

Pain coming from an amputated area

Question 46

First order afferent neuron releases

Answer 46

Substance P

Question 47

Substance P

Answer 47

Excites the dorsa horn and brain stem

Question 48

Glutamate

Answer 48

Contains two receptors

Question 49

What are the two receptor types of glutamate

Answer 49

AMPA and NMDA

Question 50

AMPA stands for

Answer 50

Amino, methyl, phosphotonic, acid

Question 51

What is the function of AMPA

Answer 51

Increased permeability of Na+ and K+

Question 52

NMDA stands for

Answer 52

N-methyl-D-aspartate

Question 53

What does NMDA do

Answer 53

It is a hyperexcitator -that triggers a secretion of Calcium to amplifie the message of pain

Question 54

What’s an example of NMDA

Answer 54

Post surgery paitents complain of intense pain due to hypersensbility