Cellular Metabolism Flashcards
1
Q
Metabolism
A
Sum total of all chemical reactions happening in the body
-anabolism and catabolism
2
Q
Anabolism
A
Uses energy in the form ATP- protein
-biosynthesis
-dehydration (loss of H20)
-building a larger molecule
3
Q
Catabolism
A
Releases energy in the form of ATP -glucose
-degretitive reactions
-breakdown of complex reactions
-hydrologic reactions
-exergonic
4
Q
Endergonic
A
Uses energy
5
Q
Hydrologic reactions
A
Using water to break bonds
6
Q
Exergonic
A
Releases energy
7
Q
ATP
A
Adenosine, Tri-phosphate
-the principle form of energy
“Biological money”
8
Q
Adenosine
A
Base + sugar
(5 carbon atoms)
9
Q
As energy is used the phosphorous bond is….
A
Broken and used up
-the tri phosphate means there are three phosphorous attachments
10
Q
Glycolysis creates:
A
2 pyrunic acid
2NADH
2 ATP
11
Q
Glycolysis uses
A
2 NAD+
Vitamin B
2 ATP
12
Q
Anaerobic process
A
Doesn’t need oxygen
13
Q
Glycolysis occurs in
A
The cytoplasm
14
Q
Kreb cycle takes place in
A
Insider inner mitochondria
15
Q
What do you add to glucose in the chemical equation of forming ATP
A
Oxygen
(Six molecules)
16
Q
How much ATP does glycolysis use
A
2 ATP
17
Q
Energy is released when…
A
A phosphate leaves from the ATP molecule
18
Q
Hydrolysis
A
Using water to break down a compound
19
Q
Breaking down of glucose…
A
Glycolysis
20
Q
Glycolysis is turning glucose into
A
2 pyruvic acids
21
Q
Lactic acid
A
Makes you feel sore after working out
-muscles use up all oxygen and kick into anaerobic
22
Q
What cycles are aerobic processes
A
Krebs cycle and protein transport
23
Q
Krebs cycle function
A
Takes the pyruvate molecule and turns them into 2 ATP
24
Q
Electron transport chain
A
Greatest source of ATP
-found in inner mitochondria layer
25
Generally how does the electron transport chain function?
-10 NADH, 2FADH2 enter the chain at FMN
- picks up H2 and puts into the inter membrane space
- undergoes proton motive force
-hydrogen enters ATP synthase and undergoes chemeosomosis
26
Krebs cycle produces
2 cycles produce
-6 NADH
-2 FADH2
-2 ATP
27
Each NADH can produce
3 ATP
28
Each FADH2 can produce
2 ATP
29
How much ATP does each cycle produce
Protein transport - 34 ATP
Glycolysis - 2 ATP
Kreb- 2 ATP
30
How much ATP does the body make in total
38 ATP
(Minus 2 ATP for transport, net total is 36 ATP)
31
Aerobic
Needs oxygen
-All three cycles
=36 atp
32
Anaerobic
Doesn’t need oxygen
-only glycolysis
= 2ATP
33
What’s the problem with anaerobic cycles
During the cycle, pyruvate becomes lactic acid
-cannot stay in anaerobic for too long
34
Plasma membrane
Semi permeable layer
-trileminar
-fluid-mosaic model
35
Four layers of the plasma membrane
-Phosolipid molecule
-cholesterol molecule
-protein
-carbohydrate
36
Phosolipid molecule
-made up of 2 heads (dark colour)
Head- alcohol and phosphate + R
Tail- fatty acids
37
Cholesterol molecule
Stabilizes the membrane over a range of temperatures
-prevents fat from crystallizing
-contribute to the fluidity (flexible)
38
Protein molecule
-transmembrane protein
-peripheral protein
39
Transmembrane protein
-plans across entirety (inside and outside)
40
Peripheral proteins
Don’t span the entire molecule
-inside or outside
41
Carbohydrates
-cell identity markers
-growth and boundary for cells (embryonic development)
-form markers to guide tissue formation
42
Functions of the cell membrane (6)
-act as transport channels and carriers
-docking marker acceptors
-membrane bound enzymes
-receptor cells
-cell adhesion molecules
-glycoprotein molecules
43
Types of channels
-uniport
-simport
-antiport
44
Uniport
Only carry one at a time
-no ATP used
Example- GLUT
45
GLUT
Glucose transporters
-present on all cells
46
Simport
Energy conservation, only one direction
-ATP is used
Example- SGLUT
47
SGLUT
Sodium glucose transport
-found in stomach and kidney
48
Antiport
Opposite direction only
-uses lots of ATP
Example Na/K pump
49
Channels
Opening formbed by protein to allow molecules to pass in and out
-water filled
50
Carriers
Open to one side at the given time
51
Docking marker
Tells a protein where to go
-a label
52
Membrane bound enzymes
Metabolic activity
53
Receptor cells
Receives (a hormone) on a receptor cell (as in insulin, vitamin)
54
Cell adhesion molecules
Joins cells together
-integrins
-cadherins
55
Integrins
Join inside cell to outside
-bring in cells
-organs
56
Cadherins
Join cells together in a desmosome way - ZIP
-stretch
57
Glycoprotein molecule
Identify the cell
-all of them are unique
58
Extracellular matrix/ ECM
-made up of insoluable proteins
-cell to cell adhesions
-collagen, elastin, fibronectin
59
Collagen
Provides strength so that tissues don’t break apart
-thick and cable like
-made by vitamin C
-scurvy is lack/improper collagen
60
Scurvy
Improper formation of collagen and vitamin C deficiency
-leads to rupture and skin, gums and vessels
61
Elastin
Stretch and recoil
-found in tissues/structure like the lungs
62
Fibronectin
Holds cells into position
-cancer cells do not form fibronectin, and instead they float away - metastasized
63
The three junctions
-desmosomes
-tight junctions
-gap junctions
64
Desmosomes
Strongest junction, capable of stretching but not breaking apart
-anchoring junctions
-zipper like
Example- uterine tissue, heart, skin
65
Gap junctions
A passage for small molecules and ions, allows for communicating
-contains connexon
Example- liver, pancreas, ovaries, thyroid
66
Tight junctions
No passage between cells
-have to go thru cells not imbetween
-proteins bind at “kiss sites”
Two types: occludence or claudins
67
Occludence is found in
Kidneys and intestine
68
Claudins
Blood brain barrier
69
The membrane transport
Semipermeable
- depending on size and solubility
70
Membrane transport is two subdivisions
-non assisted (no energy)
-assisted (energy)
71
Non assisted membrane transport into three categories
-osmosis
-diffusion
-facilitated diffusion
72
Osmosis
Concentration gradient in which water moves from an area of high water concentration to lower conc, through a semi-permeable membrane
-net diffusion of water
73
Diffusion
High conc to low conc
-net movement of ions to particle
-reaching equilibrium
74
Isotonic
A solution having osmolarity equal to that of it’s body fluids
-important in the brain
75
Hypotonic
Less dilute than normal
-osmolarity less than body fluids
76
Hypertonic
Osmolarity greater than the rest of the body
-more dilute
77
Flicks law diffusion
>Surface area membrane
-Larger= more diffusion
-Smaller= less diffusion
>Membrane permeability
>concentration gradient
78
Facilitated diffusion
-higher conc to lower conc
-requires a carrier due to large, insoluble molecule
Example- GLUT transport
79
Membrane permeability
Larger molecule= lower diffusion
Smaller= larger diffusion
80
Active transport
-uses ATP
-low to high
-disequillibrium
-requires carrier
-primary or secondary
81
Primary
-directly
Example sodium potassium pump
82
Secondary
-already broken
-uses potential energy
Example- SGLUT
83
Assisted two subcategories
-active transport
-vesicular transport
84
Vesicular transport
Anything in a vesicle
-exocytosis
-endocytosis
85
Exocytosis
Process of packaging, docking and releasing on the outside of the cell
Example- golgi complex
86
Golgi complex and exocytosis
1. Recognition marker and sorting
2. Coat protein, coat protein acceptor
3. V-SNARE (where its coming from)
4. T-SNARE (going too)
5. Packing, docking and release
87
Endocytosis
Product brought into cell stays in cell
88
Three types of endocytosis
-pinocytosis
-receptor mediated endocytosis
-phagocytosis
89
Pinocytosis
Small quantities of ECF containing solute and water molecules into the cell
-dynamin protein brings in
90
Receptor mediated endocytosis
Uses receptors to attach to target moles to bring into cell
Example- iron
91
What’s the problem with receptor mediated endocytosis
Virus’s can trick the receptors into letting them in
-COVID or HIV
92
Phagocytosis
The immune system process of consuming and destruction of ‘bad things’
-WBC consume
-lysosome breaks down
93
Autocrine
-chemical signal secreted by cell
-self exciting signal
-acts on same cell
Example: histamine (inflammation)
94
Paracrine
Secretes signal to neighbouring cells
Example- histamine
95
Neurocrine
Signals secreted by nerves
96
Neurotransmitter
Transmit the neuron signal directly
Example: ACH into muscle to contract
97
Neuromodulator
Super quick, neuropeptides
-acts for a long time
Example: choleysytokinin reaches brain/eating cetner
98
Neurohormones
Hormones secreted by nerves into bloodstream
99
Hormones
Secreted by cells into bloodstream to find target cell
Example: insulin and estrogen
100
Lipid solvable
Lipophilic
101
Water soluble
Hydrophilic
102
Cytokines
Cell intercellular transduction
-immune response, inflammation/stress
Example: fever by interleukin-1 or throwing up
