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Human Physiology I > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Glands secrete

A

Hormones

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2
Q

Target cell has receptors for

A

Specific hormones

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3
Q

Hormones requirements

A

-endocrine
-target
-enter the blood stream
-minute quantity

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4
Q

Hydrophilic hormones

A

-water soluble (less lipid soluble)
-named SHORT or LONG
-varying lengths

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5
Q

Short hydrophilic hormones

A

Peptide bonds

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6
Q

Long hydrophilic hormones

A

Protein chains

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7
Q

Peptide bonds relies on

A

Rely on how many amino acids make it up
-fewer amino acids

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8
Q

Example of peptide bonds

A

Insulin

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9
Q

Endocrine system

A

Consists of ductless endocrine glands

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10
Q

Tropic hormone

A

Stimulate and maintain their endocrine target tissues
Example- TSH stimulates thyroid hormone by thyroid gland and maintains structure of the thyroid gland

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11
Q

Protein chain

A

Long amino acid chain

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12
Q

Example of protein chains

A

Cateochlamines

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13
Q

Cateochlamines

A

NE, E and Dopamine
Derived from -Amino acid -Tyrosine

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14
Q

Ratio of hydrophilic hormones circling the blood and bound in the plasma membrane

A

50/50 free circling the blood and bound in the plasma membrane

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15
Q

Hydrophilic receptors are found where

A

On the plasma membrane

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16
Q

CAMP second messenger: binding of first messenger to surface membrane activates enzyme…

A

Adenylyl cyclase

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17
Q

CAMP second messenger: what acts as the intermediary between receptor and adenyly cyclase?

A

G protein

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18
Q

G protein

A

-membrane bound
-activates enzyme adenylyl cyclase on the intracellular side of membrane

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19
Q

CAMP second messenger: G proteins are found

A

Inner surface of plasma membrane

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20
Q

CAMP second messenger: an inactivated G protein

A

-alpha
-beta
-gamma
Subunits

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21
Q

CAMP second messenger: when a first messenger binds with its receptors…

A

The receptor attaches to the appropriate G protein
-activation of the Alpha subunit

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22
Q

CAMP second messenger: activation of the Alpha subunit

A

Alpha breaks away from the G protein complex and moves to meet an effector protein

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23
Q

Effector protein

A

Either an ion channel or enzyme within the membrane

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24
Q

CAMP second messenger: what does the alpha subunit and effector protein do

A

-link up
-alters its activity

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25
In the cAMP pathway what is the effector protein activated
Adenylyl cyclase
26
CAMP second messenger: what does the adenylyl cyclase do
Converters ATP to cAMP by getting rid of two of the P’s
27
CAMP second messenger: what does the newly formed cAMP do
Triggers a series of biochemical steps -activates protein kinase A
28
Protein kinase A
Induces change in the shape and function of a particular intracellular protein
29
What does it mean that protein kinase A Phosphorlates
Attaches a phosphate group from ATP to a specific target protein
30
Phosphorylation causes
The protein to change its shape and function -activating -inhibiting
31
Five steps of CAMP second messenger
1. Activated G protein; alpha subunit leaves; activated adenylyl cyclase 2. Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP 3. CAMP activates protein kinase A 4. Phosphorylation inactive target protein 5. Now active target protein brings desired response
32
Examples of CAMP second messenger
Found on the heart, heart rate increases due to amplification and cellular responses -creates a contraction
33
Calcium second messenger system: G proteins activate
Phospholiphase C
34
Calcium second messenger system: phospholipase C
-breaks down PIP2
35
PIP2 stands for
Phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate
36
Calcium second messenger system: the products of PIP breakdown are
-diacylglycerol -inositol triphosphaye
37
Triphosphate/IP3
Responsible for mobilizing intracellular calcium stores -increase cytosolic calcium
38
Calcium second messenger system: _____ takes over the role of second messenger
Calcium
39
Calcium second messenger system: calcium dependent cellular events are triggered by activation of
Calmodulin
40
Calmodulin
Calcium binding protein -induces change in structure and function of other protein -important in smooth muscle excitation
41
Calcium second messenger system: activated Calmodulin activates….
CaM kinase
42
Calcium second messenger system: activation of CaM kinase
Phosphorylates inactive target protein -creates cellular response
43
Example of Ca second messenger protein system
Adrenal gland -alpha, beta and gamma (SALIVA)
44
Lipophilic hormones
Lipid solvable and low water soluable
45
Thyroid Lipophilic hormones
Modified tyrosine, control thyroid and metabolic activity
46
Steroid Lipophilic hormones
Modified cholesterol, bound to plasma membrane and receptors bypass cell membrane and nuclear envelope- found on DNA of cell
47
Where are steroid Lipophilic hormones found
On DNA of cell, as they aid in transcription of new protein Example: puberty
48
Lipophilic hormone process: step one, the free Lipophilic hormone _____>
Diffuses across the plasma membrane of the target cell and binds to the specific receptor
49
Lipophilic hormone process: once the hormone is bound to the receptor—->
The hormone receptor complex blinds with DNA -hormone response element
50
Lipophilic hormone process: what does binding with the hormone receptor complex do?
Turns on a specific gene within the target cell -synthesizes a given protein -transcribed into complementary messenger RNA
51
Lipophilic hormone process: the new messenger ____ _____ the nucleus and enters the ______
-RNA -leaves -cytoplasm
52
Lipophilic hormone process: once in the cytoplasm messenger RNA binds to ____ that mediates the assembly of _____
-ribosome -new proteins
53
Lipophilic hormone process: what is mRNA
A messenger code language -cannot be decoded in the cell -leaves the nucleus via pores
54
Lipophilic hormone process: once mRNA is decoded in the cytoplasm that is called? And what does it create?
-translation -creates NASCENT protein
55
NASCENT protein
Never been made before, so initiates cellular response
56
Example of lipophilic hormones
Estrogen in puberty
57
A single gland can
Produce multiple hormones
58
A single hormone can affect
Multiple glands
59
a single hormone can have more
Than one effect
60
The rate of secretion varies
In cyclic patterns
61
Single target cells can
Affect multiple hormones
62
Hormone can be a
Neurotransmitter
63
Organs can be both
Endocrine and exocrine
64
Function of hormones
-regulate metabolism -induce changes -promote growth and development -reproduction -RBC production -circulation, digestion and absorption

Human Physiology I (10 decks)

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