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Human Physiology I > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Glands secrete

A

Hormones

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2
Q

Target cell has receptors for

A

Specific hormones

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3
Q

Hormones requirements

A

-endocrine
-target
-enter the blood stream
-minute quantity

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4
Q

Hydrophilic hormones

A

-water soluble (less lipid soluble)
-named SHORT or LONG
-varying lengths

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5
Q

Short hydrophilic hormones

A

Peptide bonds

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6
Q

Long hydrophilic hormones

A

Protein chains

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7
Q

Peptide bonds relies on

A

Rely on how many amino acids make it up
-fewer amino acids

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8
Q

Example of peptide bonds

A

Insulin

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9
Q

Endocrine system

A

Consists of ductless endocrine glands

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10
Q

Tropic hormone

A

Stimulate and maintain their endocrine target tissues
Example- TSH stimulates thyroid hormone by thyroid gland and maintains structure of the thyroid gland

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11
Q

Protein chain

A

Long amino acid chain

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12
Q

Example of protein chains

A

Cateochlamines

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13
Q

Cateochlamines

A

NE, E and Dopamine
Derived from -Amino acid -Tyrosine

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14
Q

Ratio of hydrophilic hormones circling the blood and bound in the plasma membrane

A

50/50 free circling the blood and bound in the plasma membrane

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15
Q

Hydrophilic receptors are found where

A

On the plasma membrane

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16
Q

CAMP second messenger: binding of first messenger to surface membrane activates enzyme…

A

Adenylyl cyclase

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17
Q

CAMP second messenger: what acts as the intermediary between receptor and adenyly cyclase?

A

G protein

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18
Q

G protein

A

-membrane bound
-activates enzyme adenylyl cyclase on the intracellular side of membrane

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19
Q

CAMP second messenger: G proteins are found

A

Inner surface of plasma membrane

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20
Q

CAMP second messenger: an inactivated G protein

A

-alpha
-beta
-gamma
Subunits

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21
Q

CAMP second messenger: when a first messenger binds with its receptors…

A

The receptor attaches to the appropriate G protein
-activation of the Alpha subunit

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22
Q

CAMP second messenger: activation of the Alpha subunit

A

Alpha breaks away from the G protein complex and moves to meet an effector protein

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23
Q

Effector protein

A

Either an ion channel or enzyme within the membrane

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24
Q

CAMP second messenger: what does the alpha subunit and effector protein do

A

-link up
-alters its activity

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25
Q

In the cAMP pathway what is the effector protein activated

A

Adenylyl cyclase

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26
Q

CAMP second messenger: what does the adenylyl cyclase do

A

Converters ATP to cAMP by getting rid of two of the P’s

27
Q

CAMP second messenger: what does the newly formed cAMP do

A

Triggers a series of biochemical steps
-activates protein kinase A

28
Q

Protein kinase A

A

Induces change in the shape and function of a particular intracellular protein

29
Q

What does it mean that protein kinase A Phosphorlates

A

Attaches a phosphate group from ATP to a specific target protein

30
Q

Phosphorylation causes

A

The protein to change its shape and function
-activating
-inhibiting

31
Q

Five steps of CAMP second messenger

A
  1. Activated G protein; alpha subunit leaves; activated adenylyl cyclase
  2. Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP
  3. CAMP activates protein kinase A
  4. Phosphorylation inactive target protein
  5. Now active target protein brings desired response
32
Q

Examples of CAMP second messenger

A

Found on the heart, heart rate increases due to amplification and cellular responses
-creates a contraction

33
Q

Calcium second messenger system: G proteins activate

A

Phospholiphase C

34
Q

Calcium second messenger system: phospholipase C

A

-breaks down PIP2

35
Q

PIP2 stands for

A

Phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate

36
Q

Calcium second messenger system: the products of PIP breakdown are

A

-diacylglycerol

-inositol triphosphaye

37
Q

Triphosphate/IP3

A

Responsible for mobilizing intracellular calcium stores
-increase cytosolic calcium

38
Q

Calcium second messenger system: _____ takes over the role of second messenger

A

Calcium

39
Q

Calcium second messenger system: calcium dependent cellular events are triggered by activation of

A

Calmodulin

40
Q

Calmodulin

A

Calcium binding protein
-induces change in structure and function of other protein
-important in smooth muscle excitation

41
Q

Calcium second messenger system: activated Calmodulin activates….

A

CaM kinase

42
Q

Calcium second messenger system: activation of CaM kinase

A

Phosphorylates inactive target protein
-creates cellular response

43
Q

Example of Ca second messenger protein system

A

Adrenal gland
-alpha, beta and gamma (SALIVA)

44
Q

Lipophilic hormones

A

Lipid solvable and low water soluable

45
Q

Thyroid Lipophilic hormones

A

Modified tyrosine, control thyroid and metabolic activity

46
Q

Steroid Lipophilic hormones

A

Modified cholesterol, bound to plasma membrane and receptors bypass cell membrane and nuclear envelope- found on DNA of cell

47
Q

Where are steroid Lipophilic hormones found

A

On DNA of cell, as they aid in transcription of new protein
Example: puberty

48
Q

Lipophilic hormone process: step one, the free Lipophilic hormone _____>

A

Diffuses across the plasma membrane of the target cell and binds to the specific receptor

49
Q

Lipophilic hormone process: once the hormone is bound to the receptor—->

A

The hormone receptor complex blinds with DNA -hormone response element

50
Q

Lipophilic hormone process: what does binding with the hormone receptor complex do?

A

Turns on a specific gene within the target cell
-synthesizes a given protein
-transcribed into complementary messenger RNA

51
Q

Lipophilic hormone process: the new messenger ____ _____ the nucleus and enters the ______

A

-RNA
-leaves
-cytoplasm

52
Q

Lipophilic hormone process: once in the cytoplasm messenger RNA binds to ____ that mediates the assembly of _____

A

-ribosome
-new proteins

53
Q

Lipophilic hormone process: what is mRNA

A

A messenger code language
-cannot be decoded in the cell
-leaves the nucleus via pores

54
Q

Lipophilic hormone process: once mRNA is decoded in the cytoplasm that is called? And what does it create?

A

-translation
-creates NASCENT protein

55
Q

NASCENT protein

A

Never been made before, so initiates cellular response

56
Q

Example of lipophilic hormones

A

Estrogen in puberty

57
Q

A single gland can

A

Produce multiple hormones

58
Q

A single hormone can affect

A

Multiple glands

59
Q

a single hormone can have more

A

Than one effect

60
Q

The rate of secretion varies

A

In cyclic patterns

61
Q

Single target cells can

A

Affect multiple hormones

62
Q

Hormone can be a

A

Neurotransmitter

63
Q

Organs can be both

A

Endocrine and exocrine

64
Q

Function of hormones

A

-regulate metabolism
-induce changes
-promote growth and development
-reproduction
-RBC production
-circulation, digestion and absorption

Human Physiology I (10 decks)

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