Chapter One Flashcards
1
Q
Two processes that explain body functions
A
Teleological (WHY)
Mechanistic (HOW)
2
Q
Six classifications of physiology
A
1) Atomic
2)Cellular
3)Tissues
4)organ
5)organ systems
6)organism
3
Q
Atomic Level
A
Definition: Formation of molecules (hydrogen and oxygen)
4
Q
Cellular Level
A
Definition: Smallest and simplistic
5
Q
Tissue Level
A
Definition: collection of similar cells, that are woven together
Sub divisions: Muscle, Nervous, Epithelial, Connective
6
Q
Muscle Tissue
A
Skeletal muscle - generates force movement
Smooth muscle - internal
Cardiac muscle - heart, contracts to generate force
7
Q
Nervous tissue
A
Central CNS - brain/spinal
Peripheral PNS - nerves/connection
8
Q
Epithelial tissue
A
-Found in sheets, covers and lines
-gland formation (endocrine/exocrine)
9
Q
Cell theory
A
-cells are smallest structural and functional unit of life
-function of each cell depends on specific structural properties of the cell
-cells are living building blocks of all organisms
10
Q
Plasma membrane
A
-Separates ICF and ECF
-controls movement in and out of cell
-transports
-communicates
11
Q
Nucleus
A
Contains all DNA of cell
-brain/master molecule
12
Q
Nuclear envelope
A
Double layer membrane
13
Q
Nucleoius
A
Synthesizes ribosomes
-contains DNA
-transports ribosomes
14
Q
Chromatin
A
Spools of DNA, makes up chromosomes
15
Q
Nuclear ports
A
Regulates movement of material in and out (Ribosomes)
16
Q
DNA
A
Genetic blueprint
-directs protein synthesis
17
Q
What does cytoplasm break down into (three categories)
A
-cytosol
-organelles
-inclusions
18
Q
Cytoplasm
A
Everything inside cell, excluding the nucleus
19
Q
Cytosol
A
Semigelatinous gel like mass
-cytoskeleton is found
-Soluble
20
Q
ICF
A
Intercellular fluid, found inside cell
28L
-A part of the cytoplasm
21
Q
Organelles
A
Membrane bound, insoluable
“Little organs”
22
Q
Five organelles
A
-ER
-golgi complex
-lysosome
-peroxisome
-mitochondria
23
Q
Endoplasmic reticulum
A
A network of tubules
-protein and lipid manufactorer
-made up of rough and smooth
24
Q
Rough ER
A
Considered rough due to ribosomes layering surface
-site of protein synthesis
25
Smooth ER
-Transports proteins
-lipid synthesis
-hormone synthesis
-stores calcium in the bones and muscles
26
Golgi complex
Receives transport vesicles into secretory vesicles
-theorized to be connected to Alzheimer’s
-final destinations
27
Secretory
Contains all markers for final destinations
-200x larger
28
Inclusions
Not membrane bound
-insoluable
29
Inclusions subdivision (three)
-ribosomes
-centrioles
-vault
30
Lysosome
Used to break down in process of phagocytosis
-full of hydrolytic enzymes
Lysis = degrate
31
Peroxisome
Produces peroxide
-oxidative reaction enzyme (—> H2O2—>H2O+O2)
32
Which is larger peroxisome or lysosome
The lysosome is larger
Peroxisome is smaller
33
Mitochondria
Site of ATP synthesis and storage
-double membrane
-enzyme + citric acid cycle
34
Ribosome
Site of protein synthesis (mRNA into amino acids)
-from nucleus to cytoplasm
-2 subunits form a complete unit
-80s
-ribosomes can be free floating
-ploy ribosomes exist
35
Vaults
Used for transportation of ribosomal parts
36
vaults in cancerous patients THEORY
Vaults store chemotherapy drug, allows resistance to grow against drug
37
Hydrolytic enzymes
Breakdown
38
Endocytosis
Process of bringing inside
39
Phagocytosis
White blood cells consume bad thing, destroys it in a process of the immune system
-lysosomes spray out hydrolytic enzymes to break bad things down
40
Tay-sachs
No enzyme hexoaminodose (break down glycolipid)
LYSOSOMES
-affects nerve cells
Symptoms include blindness, loss of condition which leads to death
41
Christaie
Structure in the mitochondria
-energy is created and “jumps” out into the matrix
42
Matrix
Structure of the mitochondria
-holds energy
43
McArdle disease
A metabolic deficiency
MITOCHONDRIA
-lacking enzyme to break down glycogen (turns into glucose)
Symptoms include fatigue, pain, cramps
44
Kearns -Sayre disease
Progressive paralysis due to lack of enzyme in MITOCHONDRIA
-begins with eye muscle—then retinal pigment destroys vision—heart defect into heart blockage (no electrical pulse)
45
Redox in peroxisome
Breaks down (oxidation reduction)
-H2O2–> H2O + O2
46
Centrioles
Creates the mitotic spindle, guides DNA movement
-two per cell
-made up by microtubules (9 per centriole)
47
Centrioles in cancer patient
during cancer treatment centrioles die
-which leads to no cell division
Symptoms include fatigue, diarrhea, hair loss, vomiting
48
Sredberg
Discovered the 2 subunit theory of ribosomes
-80s and the sredberg unit
-aids in distinguishing ribosomes
49
Mitotic spindle
Draws sister chromosomes to either pole
50
Inclusion means…
..no membrane
51
What major organelle synthesizes proteins
Rough ER
-secretes to exterior
Or
-incorporated into cell membrane
52
What does the smooth ER do to the proteins after they are synthesized by rough ER
Packages the proteins into transport vesicles and empties into golgi sacs
53
The smooth ER packages proteins and turns them into ________ which heads towards the ______ _______
Transport vesicles
Golgi complex
54
What do transport vesicles fuse with? And where do they empty into?
Fuse with Golgi complex
Empties into Golgi sacs
55
What empties into golgi sacs
Transport vesicles
56
What happens to the proteins found inside the Golgi complex
Modified into a final form
-sorted and directed to their final destination
57
_____ containing the protein final form bud off from the Golgi complex to remain in the _____ storing until signalled
Secretory vesicles
Cytosol
58
Do secretory vesicles remain in the Golgi complex or leave?
They bud off from the Golgi complex into the cytosol, where they store until signaled
59
What happens when the serectory vesicles are signalled from in the cytoplasm
Fuse with the plasma membrane and then empty contents to cells exterior
60
Does the secretion done by exocytosis in protein synthesis of the ER ever come in contact with cytosol?
No, the product never comes in contact with the cytosol
61
Mitosis
Somatic cells, 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs
-diploid
62
meiosis
Germ cells
23 chromosomes (haploid)
63
Phase G1
Duplicates organelles and Centrosome replication
-8/10 hours
64
Interphase
DNA replication stage
-cell is not dividing
-consists of three phases G1, S and G2
65
G2 phase
Cell growth, enzyme/protein synthesized
-4/6 hours
66
G0
Cell is not apart of the cell division cycle
67
What is the difference between meiosis I and meiosis II
There is crossing over that takes place in metaphase I
68
How many pairs of chromosomes do human somatic cells contains
23 pairs
69
Homologous chromosomes
Two chromosomes that make up a pair
70
Diploid cells
Somatic cells which contain two sets of chromosomes
71
S phase
Replication of DNA occurs in this phase
72
Mitotic Phase
Nuclear division and a cytoplasmic division to form two identical cells
73
Cytokinesis
Division of a cells cytoplasm to form two identical cells
-takes place in late anaphase
-forms cleavage furrow
74
Prophase
The chromatin fibres change into chromosomes
75
Metaphase
Microtubules align the centromeres of the chromatid pairs at the metaphase plate
76
Anaphase
The chromatid pairs split at the centromere and move to opposite poles of the cell
-chromatids now called chromosomes
77
Telophase
Two identical nuclei are formed around the identical sets of chromosomes
-chromosomes are now chromatin
78
Chromatin
Spooled up pieces of chromosomes
79
Microtubules
80
Centromeres
81
Chromatid pairs
82
Chromatid
83
Metaphase plate
84
Difference between chromatids and chromosomes
85
When does interphase begin?
When cytokinesis is complete
86
Cleavage furrow
87
Meiosis
Reproductive cell division
-occurs in the gonads
-produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes
88
Haploid cells
Gametes contain a single set of 23 chromosomes
89
Fertilization
Union of two gametes, one from each parent
-restores the diploid number of chromosomes
90
When does crossing over take place
91
Homeostasis
A dynamic equilibrium meant to bring the body systems back to balance
-minimizes and responds to change
-
92
What two fluids aid in homeostasis
ECF and ICF
93
What is ECF
Fluid found outside cells or fluids in which the cells live in
94
What are the two types of ECF
Plasma and interstitial fluid
95
Plasma
Everything in blood, besides cells
-3L
96
Interstitial fluid
Fills the space
-11L
97
ICF (
Intracellular fluids
-the fluid contained within all body cells
-28L
98
Intrinsic controls
Homeostasis does not rely on any other organ
-organ does it itself
For example: during excersizing muscles dilate blood vessels to receive more O2
99
Extrinsic controls
Homeostasis occurs by outside organs (coordinated)
-usually endocrine and nervous
For example: low blood pressure, endocrine and nervous activate the liver and kidneys to release Renin-ANG which raises BP
100
Negative food back
Minimizing and reversing the change
-receives an error signal then works to bring to set point
Example: body temperature
Sense—>center—->effector
101
Positive feedback
Reinforces and amplifies the change
Examples: childbirth, oxytocin increases labor
102
Feed forward
Acts in anticipation of change
Example: saliva secretion
103
Tissue
Group of cells with similar structure and function
-layered and weaving
104
Muscle tissue sub categories
Skeletal, smooth, cardiac
105
Skeletal tissue
Generates force and movement, voluntary
106
Smooth tissue
Internal, involuntary
107
Cardiac tissue
Involuntary, contracts to generate force
108
Types of nervous tissue
Central (brain and spinal cord)
Peripheral (nerves, connection)
109
Types of epithelial tissue
Epithelial sheets
Secretory glands
110
Epithelial sheets
Cover and line
111
Secretory glands
Endocrine or exocrine, site if release
112
Types of connective tissues
Loose, bone, tendons, blood
113
Loose tissues
Fill and penetrate organs
114
Bone
Rigid and connective
115
Tendons
Attach bones
116
Blood
Watery connective tissues
117
Endocrine gland
Secretions go into the blood
-connected to blood vessels and tissue
Example: hormones
118
Exocrine gland
Opens the the surface, secretions to the surface
-has a lumen (hollow)
Example: sweat gland
