Chapter Five Part B Flashcards
(154 cards)
1
Q
Posterior cavity
A
Larger cavity between lens and retina
-contains vitreous humor
2
Q
Lens function
A
Separates two fluid filled cavities
3
Q
Parts of the lens
A
-posterior cavity (vitreous humor)
-anterior cavity (aqueous humor)
4
Q
Vitreous humor
A
Gel like fluid
-creates eye shape
5
Q
Anterior cavity
A
Between the cornea and lens
6
Q
Aqueous humor
A
Plasma like fluid
-5ml a day and drains
7
Q
Where does the aqueous humor drain into
A
Canal of schlemm
8
Q
Canal of schlemm
A
Draining site of aqueous humor
9
Q
Glaucoma
A
Draining defect
-creates pressure
-degeneration of optic nerve
10
Q
Iris
A
Pigmented part of the eye
-different for each individual
-thin smooth muscle
11
Q
Pupil
A
Increases or decreases diameter to allow how much light enters in the eye
12
Q
Conjectuva
A
Part of eye that can get infected
-outermost membrane
-not part of lens
13
Q
Cornea
A
Transparent disc fed by aqueous humor
14
Q
Sclera
A
Tough outer layer
15
Q
Choroid
A
Becomes cilary body
16
Q
Ciliary body
A
Made up of C muscle to change curve of lens
17
Q
20/20 vision is a
A
Well developed ciliary muscle
18
Q
Ciliary muscle
A
Flatter or round lens
19
Q
Zonuleo
A
Ligaments attaching lens to ciliary muscles
20
Q
Optic disc
A
Blind spot of the eye
-contains optic nerve
21
Q
Optic nerve
A
Enters at optic disc
-pathways to CNS
22
Q
Retina
A
23
Q
Photoreceptors
A
-found in retina
Contain rods and cones
24
Q
Fovea
A
Region of sharpest vision
-colour is transformed
25
Macula
Sharpest vision
-center of visual field
26
Macular degeneration
Causes donut vision
-irreversable
-in the macula
27
Accommodation
Helps to get 20/20 vision
-lens adjust its strength
28
Accommodation of flat lens
Sympathetic nerves to relax muscles to allow seeing far
29
Accommodation round lens
Muscles are contracted due to parasympathetic allowing near vision
30
Emmetropia
Perfect vision
31
Hyperopia
Far sightedness
-needs convex lens
-focal point falls back of eye
32
Solution for hyperopia
Convex lens
33
Myopia
Near sightedness
-need concave lenses
-focal point falls in front
34
Solution for myopia
Concave lens
35
Presbyopia
Old age-opia
-needs reading glasses
-lens degeneration
36
Outer layer of the eye inner to outer
-retina
-choroid
-sclera
37
Nerves of the eye (5)
-ii
-iii
-iv
-vi
-vii
38
Rods
Grey vision
-numerous
-night vision
-increases sensitivity
-low acuity
-higher convergence
39
Where are rods found
In peripheral region
40
Night blindness
Disfunction of rods
-fused by vitamin A
41
Cones
Colour vision
-less numerous
-day vision
-decreases sensitivity
-high acuity
-less convergence
42
Where are cones found
Found in fovea
43
Red cones
Largest
44
Green cone
Medium
45
Blue cone
Smallest
46
Convergence
Rods and cones converge into next pathway
-into bipolar cells
47
Outersegment disc of rods contain
Rhodopsin
48
Rhodopsin in dark
-retinal inactive
-cGMP increases
49
-cGMP increased
Makes inhibitory and depolarizers photoreceptor
50
Dark adaptation
Gradual distinguishing objects as you enter a dark room
-regeneration of rod photopigments that were previously broken down
51
Light adaptation
Gradually distinguishing objects as you enter area with more light
-breakdown of cone pigmentation
52
optic chasm
Optic nerve crisscross
-very close to hypothalamuss
53
Optic tract
Brings to thalamus
54
Visual cortex
Refined into image
55
Convex versus concave
Convex - curves outward
Concave- curves inward
56
Astigmatism
Curvature of the cornea is uneven
-unequal refraction
57
Cataract
Cloudiness or opacity in lens of the eye
58
Three layers of retina
-outermost: rods and cones
-middle layer: bipolar cells
-innermost: ganglion cells
59
Bipolar cells
Specialized sensory neurons
-proprogate sensory message to the brain
60
Outer segment of the photoreceptor
Lies closest to the eyes exterior
-facing choroid
-detects light stimuli’s
61
Inner segment of photoreceptors
Contains metabolic machinery of the cell
62
Synaptic terminal of photoreceptors
Closest to eyes interior
-faces bipolar cells
-transmits signals to the next cells in the visual pathway
63
Photopigments
Undergo chemical alterations
-activated by light
-creates AP
64
Photopigments consists of two components
-opsin
-retinene
65
Opsin
Integral part of disc membrane
66
Retinene
Light absorbing part of photopigment
-vitamin A
67
How many photopigments in the rods
One
68
How many photopigments in the cones
Three
69
Rhodopsin
Rod photopigment
-detects different intensities for fine vision
-does not detect colour
70
Three photopigments in cones are
-red
-green
-blue
71
Phototransduction
Converting light stimuli’s into electrical signals
72
Receptors typically ___ when stimulates
Depolarize
73
Photoreceptors ____ on light absorption
Hyperpolarize
74
Second messenger for photoreceptors in the dark
Cyclic GMP
75
In there absence of light concentration of cGMP is
High
76
The Na channels of photoreceptors in the dark are ___ in the dark
Open
77
Binding of cGMP to Na channels does what
Keeps them open
78
Ca entry triggers the _____ of neurotransmitter from the synaptic terminal
Releases
79
On exposure to light the concentration of cGMP is ____
Decreased
80
_____ changes shape when it absorbs light
Retinene
81
The change in shape of retinene activates
Photopigment which activates transducin
82
Rod and cone cells contain
A G protein
83
Transducin
A G protein found in rod and cones
-activates enzyme phosphodiestrerase
84
Enzyme phosphodiesterase
Decreases concentration of cGMP
85
Reduction of cGMP leads to
Closing of Na channels, and stops depolarizing
86
what causes hyperpolarization
-stoping Na depolarizing leak
87
Photoreceptors are inhibited by their adequate stimuli’s
-hyper polarized by light
88
Photoreceptors are excited in the absence of stimulation
Depolarized by darkness
89
Hyperpolarizing potential and subsequent decrease in neutransmiter are graded according to
The intensity of light
90
The brighter the light is the greater the
-The greater the hyper-polarizing response
-greater the reduction in neurotransmitter release
91
Retinal inactive is
In dark
92
Retinal is active
In light
93
Simple steps of ‘in light’
-retinal is active
-activates enzyme phosphodiesterase and G protein (transducin)
-breaks down cGMP
-graded potential at synapse
-sent to ganglion cells at optic nerve
94
Tympanic membrane
Separates ear canal from middle ear
-eardrum
95
Middle ear contains
3 occicals
-malleus
-incus
-stapes
96
Stapes
Begins to beat
-is attached to inner ear by oval window
97
Eustine tube
Opens to release pressure when yawning or swallowing
98
Round window
Site where sound exits and relieves pressure
99
Hair cells at rest
Are found straight up
100
Demoralized hair cells
Channels open towards kinocilium
101
Repolarization and inhibition
Pulled toward stereocilia
-channels closed
102
Hearing loss
Is the loss of hair cells
103
Movement of hair signals
The auditory cortex
104
Sound enters in the
Oval window
105
Helicotrema
End of the cochlea
106
Perilymph
ECF
107
Endolymph
ICF
108
Sound waves exit through
Round window
109
Cochlear duct
Contains organ of corti and hair cells
110
Tectoral membrane
Top layer of organ of corti
111
Basal membrane
bottom layer of the organ of corti
112
(Sound transduction) sound waves go to
Vibration of tympanic membrane
-mechanical waves
113
(Sound transduction) vibration of tympanic membrane goes too
Vibration of middle ear bones
-all of the occicals
114
(Sound transduction) vibration in the middle ear go to
Vibrations of the oval window
-stapes vibrates the oval window
-moves the perilymph
115
(Sound transduction) vibrations in the oval window go to
Fluid movement in the cochlea (chemical neurotransmitter)
116
(Sound transduction) fluid movement in the cochlea goes too
-vibrations of basilar membrane
And
-vibration of the round window
117
(Sound transduction) vibrations in the round window go to
Dissipation of energy (no sound perception)
-relieves the pressure
118
(Sound transduction) vibrations of the basilar membrane goes too
Bends the hairs of organ of corti
-there is a small graded potential
119
(Sound transduction) small graded potential goes too
Eventually converts into a full action potential and is proporgated to auditory cortex as sound perception
-by VIII
120
Frequency
-Low pitch and high pitched
-based on vibrations
-measured in hearts
121
Amplitude
The loudness
-measured in decibels
122
Conductive hearing loss
From ear canal t tympanic to middle
-due to infection or earwax
-fixable
123
Central loss (hearing)
Found in neuropathways or cortex itself
-head/neck injury
-or from stroke
124
Sensorineural loss
Loss of hair cells
-not fixable
-common in older generation (aging)
-common in younger generation (prolonged exposure)
125
Solutions to sensorineural loss
-cochlear implant (invasive transmitter)
-hearing aid (non invasive)
126
Vestibular apparatus is all about
Equilibrium
127
Semicircular canal
-balance
-acceleration and deceleration
-sends feedback to the inner ear
128
Superior semicircular canal
Head nod, yes nod
129
Horizontal semicircular canal
Head nod, no nod
130
Posterior semicircular canal
Head tilt, ear to shoulder
131
Semicircular canal cranial nerve
CN VIII
132
Ampulla
Contains fluid detecting head movement that sends signals
133
Otoliths organs
Belly like and crystals on top
134
Otoliti
Crystals found on top of otolitic organs
-weigh down the hair
-calcium carbonate and proteins
135
Saccule
Verticals arrangement
-verticals acceleration and deceleration
For example: trampoline or elevator
136
Utricle
Movement forward and backwards, or bending forward
Example: tying your shoes
137
Menieres
Abnormal buildup of pressure
-tenitus and dizziness due
-affects cochlear function
-VanGogh
138
Taste buds
Afferent neurons
-new every ten days
-chemoreceptors
139
Types of food taste
-salty
-sour
-sweet
-bitter
-Unami
140
Salty taste receptors
Opening of Na channels
-depolarize the taste buds
141
Sour taste receptors
Opens Na channels by hydrogen which shuts down the Kia channels
-depolarizing taste buds
142
Bitter taste receptors
Something you don’t like
-caffeine and morphine
-gustaducin (G protein) and second messenger
143
Sweet taste receptors
G protein and cAMP (second messenger)
144
Umami
Glutamate (MSG), meat or savoury taste
-high fatty foods
145
Cranial nerves involved in taste buds
VII
VIX
X
146
Cranial nerve involved in tong muscles
CN XI
147
Central gustatory area is found in
Parietal lobe
148
Supporting olfactory receptor cells
Secrete mucous to pick up smell by receptors
149
Olfactory bulb
-Uses G protein as G olfaction
-second messenger as cAMP
150
Glomeruli
Smell files
151
Mitral cells
Send information to cerebral cortex and lambic system
152
Limbic system
Meaning to smells
-nostalgia
153
Vomeronasal organ
Detects pheromones
154
Pheromones
-nonvolatile chemical signals
-passes form person to person
