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Human Physiology I > Chapter Five Part B > Flashcards

Chapter Five Part B Flashcards

1
Q

Posterior cavity

A

Larger cavity between lens and retina
-contains vitreous humor

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2
Q

Lens function

A

Separates two fluid filled cavities

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3
Q

Parts of the lens

A

-posterior cavity (vitreous humor)
-anterior cavity (aqueous humor)

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4
Q

Vitreous humor

A

Gel like fluid
-creates eye shape

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5
Q

Anterior cavity

A

Between the cornea and lens

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6
Q

Aqueous humor

A

Plasma like fluid
-5ml a day and drains

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7
Q

Where does the aqueous humor drain into

A

Canal of schlemm

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8
Q

Canal of schlemm

A

Draining site of aqueous humor

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9
Q

Glaucoma

A

Draining defect
-creates pressure
-degeneration of optic nerve

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10
Q

Iris

A

Pigmented part of the eye
-different for each individual
-thin smooth muscle

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11
Q

Pupil

A

Increases or decreases diameter to allow how much light enters in the eye

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12
Q

Conjectuva

A

Part of eye that can get infected
-outermost membrane
-not part of lens

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13
Q

Cornea

A

Transparent disc fed by aqueous humor

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14
Q

Sclera

A

Tough outer layer

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15
Q

Choroid

A

Becomes cilary body

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16
Q

Ciliary body

A

Made up of C muscle to change curve of lens

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17
Q

20/20 vision is a

A

Well developed ciliary muscle

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18
Q

Ciliary muscle

A

Flatter or round lens

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19
Q

Zonuleo

A

Ligaments attaching lens to ciliary muscles

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20
Q

Optic disc

A

Blind spot of the eye
-contains optic nerve

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21
Q

Optic nerve

A

Enters at optic disc
-pathways to CNS

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22
Q

Retina

A
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23
Q

Photoreceptors

A

-found in retina
Contain rods and cones

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24
Q

Fovea

A

Region of sharpest vision
-colour is transformed

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25
Q

Macula

A

Sharpest vision
-center of visual field

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26
Q

Macular degeneration

A

Causes donut vision
-irreversable
-in the macula

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27
Q

Accommodation

A

Helps to get 20/20 vision
-lens adjust its strength

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28
Q

Accommodation of flat lens

A

Sympathetic nerves to relax muscles to allow seeing far

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29
Q

Accommodation round lens

A

Muscles are contracted due to parasympathetic allowing near vision

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30
Q

Emmetropia

A

Perfect vision

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31
Q

Hyperopia

A

Far sightedness
-needs convex lens
-focal point falls back of eye

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32
Q

Solution for hyperopia

A

Convex lens

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33
Q

Myopia

A

Near sightedness
-need concave lenses
-focal point falls in front

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34
Q

Solution for myopia

A

Concave lens

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35
Q

Presbyopia

A

Old age-opia
-needs reading glasses
-lens degeneration

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36
Q

Outer layer of the eye inner to outer

A

-retina
-choroid
-sclera

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37
Q

Nerves of the eye (5)

A

-ii
-iii
-iv
-vi
-vii

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38
Q

Rods

A

Grey vision
-numerous
-night vision
-increases sensitivity
-low acuity
-higher convergence

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39
Q

Where are rods found

A

In peripheral region

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40
Q

Night blindness

A

Disfunction of rods
-fused by vitamin A

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41
Q

Cones

A

Colour vision
-less numerous
-day vision
-decreases sensitivity
-high acuity
-less convergence

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42
Q

Where are cones found

A

Found in fovea

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43
Q

Red cones

A

Largest

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44
Q

Green cone

A

Medium

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45
Q

Blue cone

A

Smallest

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46
Q

Convergence

A

Rods and cones converge into next pathway
-into bipolar cells

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47
Q

Outersegment disc of rods contain

A

Rhodopsin

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48
Q

Rhodopsin in dark

A

-retinal inactive
-cGMP increases

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49
Q

-cGMP increased

A

Makes inhibitory and depolarizers photoreceptor

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50
Q

Dark adaptation

A

Gradual distinguishing objects as you enter a dark room
-regeneration of rod photopigments that were previously broken down

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51
Q

Light adaptation

A

Gradually distinguishing objects as you enter area with more light
-breakdown of cone pigmentation

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52
Q

optic chasm

A

Optic nerve crisscross
-very close to hypothalamuss

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53
Q

Optic tract

A

Brings to thalamus

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54
Q

Visual cortex

A

Refined into image

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55
Q

Convex versus concave

A

Convex - curves outward
Concave- curves inward

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56
Q

Astigmatism

A

Curvature of the cornea is uneven
-unequal refraction

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57
Q

Cataract

A

Cloudiness or opacity in lens of the eye

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58
Q

Three layers of retina

A

-outermost: rods and cones
-middle layer: bipolar cells
-innermost: ganglion cells

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59
Q

Bipolar cells

A

Specialized sensory neurons
-proprogate sensory message to the brain

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60
Q

Outer segment of the photoreceptor

A

Lies closest to the eyes exterior
-facing choroid
-detects light stimuli’s

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61
Q

Inner segment of photoreceptors

A

Contains metabolic machinery of the cell

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62
Q

Synaptic terminal of photoreceptors

A

Closest to eyes interior
-faces bipolar cells
-transmits signals to the next cells in the visual pathway

63
Q

Photopigments

A

Undergo chemical alterations
-activated by light
-creates AP

64
Q

Photopigments consists of two components

A

-opsin
-retinene

65
Q

Opsin

A

Integral part of disc membrane

66
Q

Retinene

A

Light absorbing part of photopigment
-vitamin A

67
Q

How many photopigments in the rods

A

One

68
Q

How many photopigments in the cones

A

Three

69
Q

Rhodopsin

A

Rod photopigment
-detects different intensities for fine vision
-does not detect colour

70
Q

Three photopigments in cones are

A

-red
-green
-blue

71
Q

Phototransduction

A

Converting light stimuli’s into electrical signals

72
Q

Receptors typically ___ when stimulates

A

Depolarize

73
Q

Photoreceptors ____ on light absorption

A

Hyperpolarize

74
Q

Second messenger for photoreceptors in the dark

A

Cyclic GMP

75
Q

In there absence of light concentration of cGMP is

A

High

76
Q

The Na channels of photoreceptors in the dark are ___ in the dark

A

Open

77
Q

Binding of cGMP to Na channels does what

A

Keeps them open

78
Q

Ca entry triggers the _____ of neurotransmitter from the synaptic terminal

A

Releases

79
Q

On exposure to light the concentration of cGMP is ____

A

Decreased

80
Q

_____ changes shape when it absorbs light

A

Retinene

81
Q

The change in shape of retinene activates

A

Photopigment which activates transducin

82
Q

Rod and cone cells contain

A

A G protein

83
Q

Transducin

A

A G protein found in rod and cones
-activates enzyme phosphodiestrerase

84
Q

Enzyme phosphodiesterase

A

Decreases concentration of cGMP

85
Q

Reduction of cGMP leads to

A

Closing of Na channels, and stops depolarizing

86
Q

what causes hyperpolarization

A

-stoping Na depolarizing leak

87
Q

Photoreceptors are inhibited by their adequate stimuli’s

A

-hyper polarized by light

88
Q

Photoreceptors are excited in the absence of stimulation

A

Depolarized by darkness

89
Q

Hyperpolarizing potential and subsequent decrease in neutransmiter are graded according to

A

The intensity of light

90
Q

The brighter the light is the greater the

A

-The greater the hyper-polarizing response
-greater the reduction in neurotransmitter release

91
Q

Retinal inactive is

A

In dark

92
Q

Retinal is active

A

In light

93
Q

Simple steps of ‘in light’

A

-retinal is active
-activates enzyme phosphodiesterase and G protein (transducin)
-breaks down cGMP
-graded potential at synapse
-sent to ganglion cells at optic nerve

94
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

Separates ear canal from middle ear
-eardrum

95
Q

Middle ear contains

A

3 occicals
-malleus
-incus
-stapes

96
Q

Stapes

A

Begins to beat
-is attached to inner ear by oval window

97
Q

Eustine tube

A

Opens to release pressure when yawning or swallowing

98
Q

Round window

A

Site where sound exits and relieves pressure

99
Q

Hair cells at rest

A

Are found straight up

100
Q

Demoralized hair cells

A

Channels open towards kinocilium

101
Q

Repolarization and inhibition

A

Pulled toward stereocilia
-channels closed

102
Q

Hearing loss

A

Is the loss of hair cells

103
Q

Movement of hair signals

A

The auditory cortex

104
Q

Sound enters in the

A

Oval window

105
Q

Helicotrema

A

End of the cochlea

106
Q

Perilymph

A

ECF

107
Q

Endolymph

A

ICF

108
Q

Sound waves exit through

A

Round window

109
Q

Cochlear duct

A

Contains organ of corti and hair cells

110
Q

Tectoral membrane

A

Top layer of organ of corti

111
Q

Basal membrane

A

bottom layer of the organ of corti

112
Q

(Sound transduction) sound waves go to

A

Vibration of tympanic membrane
-mechanical waves

113
Q

(Sound transduction) vibration of tympanic membrane goes too

A

Vibration of middle ear bones
-all of the occicals

114
Q

(Sound transduction) vibration in the middle ear go to

A

Vibrations of the oval window
-stapes vibrates the oval window
-moves the perilymph

115
Q

(Sound transduction) vibrations in the oval window go to

A

Fluid movement in the cochlea (chemical neurotransmitter)

116
Q

(Sound transduction) fluid movement in the cochlea goes too

A

-vibrations of basilar membrane
And
-vibration of the round window

117
Q

(Sound transduction) vibrations in the round window go to

A

Dissipation of energy (no sound perception)
-relieves the pressure

118
Q

(Sound transduction) vibrations of the basilar membrane goes too

A

Bends the hairs of organ of corti
-there is a small graded potential

119
Q

(Sound transduction) small graded potential goes too

A

Eventually converts into a full action potential and is proporgated to auditory cortex as sound perception
-by VIII

120
Q

Frequency

A

-Low pitch and high pitched
-based on vibrations
-measured in hearts

121
Q

Amplitude

A

The loudness
-measured in decibels

122
Q

Conductive hearing loss

A

From ear canal t tympanic to middle
-due to infection or earwax
-fixable

123
Q

Central loss (hearing)

A

Found in neuropathways or cortex itself
-head/neck injury
-or from stroke

124
Q

Sensorineural loss

A

Loss of hair cells
-not fixable
-common in older generation (aging)
-common in younger generation (prolonged exposure)

125
Q

Solutions to sensorineural loss

A

-cochlear implant (invasive transmitter)
-hearing aid (non invasive)

126
Q

Vestibular apparatus is all about

A

Equilibrium

127
Q

Semicircular canal

A

-balance
-acceleration and deceleration
-sends feedback to the inner ear

128
Q

Superior semicircular canal

A

Head nod, yes nod

129
Q

Horizontal semicircular canal

A

Head nod, no nod

130
Q

Posterior semicircular canal

A

Head tilt, ear to shoulder

131
Q

Semicircular canal cranial nerve

A

CN VIII

132
Q

Ampulla

A

Contains fluid detecting head movement that sends signals

133
Q

Otoliths organs

A

Belly like and crystals on top

134
Q

Otoliti

A

Crystals found on top of otolitic organs
-weigh down the hair
-calcium carbonate and proteins

135
Q

Saccule

A

Verticals arrangement
-verticals acceleration and deceleration
For example: trampoline or elevator

136
Q

Utricle

A

Movement forward and backwards, or bending forward
Example: tying your shoes

137
Q

Menieres

A

Abnormal buildup of pressure
-tenitus and dizziness due
-affects cochlear function
-VanGogh

138
Q

Taste buds

A

Afferent neurons
-new every ten days
-chemoreceptors

139
Q

Types of food taste

A

-salty
-sour
-sweet
-bitter
-Unami

140
Q

Salty taste receptors

A

Opening of Na channels
-depolarize the taste buds

141
Q

Sour taste receptors

A

Opens Na channels by hydrogen which shuts down the Kia channels
-depolarizing taste buds

142
Q

Bitter taste receptors

A

Something you don’t like
-caffeine and morphine
-gustaducin (G protein) and second messenger

143
Q

Sweet taste receptors

A

G protein and cAMP (second messenger)

144
Q

Umami

A

Glutamate (MSG), meat or savoury taste
-high fatty foods

145
Q

Cranial nerves involved in taste buds

A

VII
VIX
X

146
Q

Cranial nerve involved in tong muscles

A

CN XI

147
Q

Central gustatory area is found in

A

Parietal lobe

148
Q

Supporting olfactory receptor cells

A

Secrete mucous to pick up smell by receptors

149
Q

Olfactory bulb

A

-Uses G protein as G olfaction
-second messenger as cAMP

150
Q

Glomeruli

A

Smell files

151
Q

Mitral cells

A

Send information to cerebral cortex and lambic system

152
Q

Limbic system

A

Meaning to smells
-nostalgia

153
Q

Vomeronasal organ

A

Detects pheromones

154
Q

Pheromones

A

-nonvolatile chemical signals
-passes form person to person

Human Physiology I (10 decks)

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