Chapter Ten: Reflex Physiology + General Senses Flashcards
What is this?
- comparatively simple automatic response to a stimulus
Reflex
Most neural reflexes are designed to:
1. maintain our balance and posture
2. protect us from danger or injury
3….
carry out routine activities (walking or chewing)
Name the five steps of the Reflex Arc:
- Receptor
- Sensory Relay
- Integration
- Motor Command Relay
- Effector
Name the five types of reflexes:
- Monosynaptic
- Polysynaptic
- Somatic
- Autonomic
- Acquired Reflexes
Monosynaptic and Polysynaptic reflexes are determined based on the number of…involved
neurons
Monosynaptic reflexes are…and integrated in the spinal cord
faster
What is an example of a monosynaptic reflex?
Knee-Jerk
Polysynaptic reflexes contain at least one…
interneuron
Are somatic reflexes voluntary or involuntary?
Voluntary
Are autonomic reflexes voluntary or involuntary?
involuntary
What type of muscles are involved in somatic reflexes?
somatic
What type of muscles and two other things that are involved in autonomic reflexes?
Smooth Muscle
Glands
Visceral Organs
what kind of reflexes are learned through experience?
acquired reflexes
What are two examples of acquired reflexes?
Driving and Walking
General Stimuli comes from what three things?
Temperature
pH
Pressure
Special Stimuli comes from these 5 things?
vision
hearing
equilibrium
taste
smell
What kind of sensory receptors monitor external conditions?
Exteroceptors
What kind of sensory receptors monitor internal conditions?
Interoceptors
What are 3 examples of Exteroceptors?
Heat
Cold
Touch
Pain
Pressure
What are the three types of interoceptors?
Chemoreceptors
Visceral Stretch Receptors
Proprioceptors
What are the three types of interoceptors?
Chemoreceptors
Visceral Stretch Receptors
Proprioceptors
What interoceptor?
- monitors blood pH
Chemoreceptors
What interoceptor?
- distension of visceral organs
Visceral Stretch Receptors
What interoceptor?
- postural information
Proprioceptors
What receptor structure?
- dendrites terminate in epidermis/dermis junction of skin and mucosal epithelium
- detect pain (extreme temperature)
Free (naked) Nerve Endings
What receptor structure?
- associated with free nerve endings
- located in the stratum germinitivum (basale)
- detect light touch/sustained pressure
Merkel Cells
What receptor structure?
- has both meissner’s corpuscles and pacing an corpuscles
Encapsulated Receptors
What kind of encapsulated receptor?
- more superficial
- detects light touch
Meissner’s Corpuscles
What kind of encapsulated receptor?
- more deep
- detects forceful pressure
- vibrations
Pacinian Corpuscle
What is this?
- monitor muscle position
- ensure muscles are not overstretched
Muscle Spindle
What kind of fibers are located within extrafusal skeletal muscle fibers?
Intrafusal Fibers
Intrafusal fiber is innervated by sensory neuron dendrites wrapped around what region?
Sensory Region
What kind of neurons innervate contractile region of extrafusal fibers?
alpha motor neurons
what kind of neurons innervate contractile region of intrafusal fiber?
gamma motor neurons
Sensory neuron sends continual impulses to CNS which sends signals back to…fibers via alpha motor neurons
extrafusal
Muscle is contracted and spindle is…: frequency flows
compressed
When the muscle is contracted there are fewer impulses sent to alpha motor neurons and skeletal muscles…
relax
Muscle is extended and spindle is…: frequency increases
stretched
When the muscle is extended there are more impulses sent to alpha motor neurons and skeletal muscles…
contract
Willful muscle contraction:
- brain sends impulse to…neurons in order to contract the intrafusal fibers which relieves compression of spindle
gamma motor neurons
Receptors are…
transducers
Receptors convert stimuli to…
action potentials
Action potentials are distinguished as unique by their…in the brain
destination
True or False:
Different regions of the brain interpret action potentials differently (pain vs touch)
True
The smaller and more dense the receptor fields, the more…
sensitive
What are examples of receptor fields that are more dense?
Hands
Feet
Face
Genitals
Desensitization to constant stimuli is called…
adaptation
