chapter ten: part two Flashcards
what did edward thorndyke do
create the puzzle box experiment
what happened in the puzzle box
cat is in a box and has to pull something to let it out to get its food.
what is law of effect
figuring out the effect of actions, and know that actions have effects
what did b.f skinner say about operant conditioning
actions are shaped by their consequences, reward and punishment
how does operant conditioning differ from classical conditioning
in classical conditioning, action is not learned. while in operant conditioning, there is a voluntary action needing to be learned to get a certain effect
how were skinner’s experiments carried out
in operant boxes with no interaction from experimenter
what causes increase of conditioned (learned) actions
reinforcement
how is positive reinforcement work
if action is done it is given something pleasurable
how is negative reinforcement also work increasing operant conditioning
introducing a upsetting stimulus and having it stopped through some sort of action volunteer has to learn
how does positive punishment work
do learned action = upsetting experience happens
what does punishment do
decrease the behaviour while still promoting operant conditioning
how does negative punishment work
have a pleasant experience and is taken away when learned action is done
what is a primary reinforcer
a reinforcer that satisfies biological needs; food and water
what is secondary reinforcers
reinforcers that fill psychological needs; money, boosting self-esteem
what is partial reinforcement
a designated response reinforced part of the time. behaviour that persists even if not rewarded and produces more extinction-resistant behaviour
what is a fixed ration
consistent number of desired responses are needed to receive reinforcement. every 10 times something is pushed gives reward. produces a lot of response
what is fixed ratio
reinforcement received when desired response is made after specific period of time has elapsed. rat gets food if it presses level after 5 minute intervals.
what is variable ratio
set number of desired responses are needed to receive reinforcement, number keeps changing. rat gets food for pressing 10 times, 7 times, and 16 times, no consistency - gambling
what is variable interval
desired response is reinforced after a certain period of time has elapsed, the time keeps changing. can’t predict when it happens and encourages certain behaviour
what is observational learning
learning by observing others. not separate form classical and operant conditioning
what did Albert Bandura do
did the bobo doll experiment
what is the bobo doll experiment
children learned to model aggressive behaviour observed in adults, mimicked what they saw
