chapter nine: part two Flashcards
what are phonemes
individual sounds of a language
what are the articulators
lips, teeth, tongue, vocal cords/folds
how many sounds are there in the english language
40 sounds
what is the syntax element of languge
the order of words to from sentences
what are morphemes
root words, smallest units of meaning in the language
what is the pragmatic elements of a language
the practical part of a language, based on common ground
what is meant by speaking distance
the proper speaking distance which is common sense among people
what is meant by backchannels
non-verbal cues to continue conversations
what is meant by turn-talking
knowing that there are turns when having a conversation
when do these conversation cues begin
very early, before speech ability has been developed
how do fetuses start developing language in the womb
are able to recognize the voice of mother and respond to it in the final trimester of pregnancy.
what is prosodic bootstrapping
using pleasant tones that cause reactions
why is babbling important in development of language
it is the first step and example of how humans start experimenting with phonemes of langauage
what does the vocabulary spurt at 2 years old do
learn receptive vocabulary meaning they are understanding and comprehending more. their productive vocabulary is behind of the receptive vocabulary
what are over-regularizations
errors in speech that is because of exceptions in language. smart mistakes based on their understanding of the rules
what did behvaiourist B.F skinner say about language
it is acquired via learning and environmental exposure.
what did nativist noam chomsky say about language
tie language learning to brain development. we were all born to learn language, a more genetic explanation of language
where is wernicke’s area
in the temporal lobe
what is said about wernicke’s area
where language comprehension resides. how we understand what someone is saying
what happens when wernicke’s area is damaged
receptive aphasia
what is receptive aphasia
where you can talk but nothing is making sense. also difficulty with understanding
where is broca’s area located
left hemisphere, frontal and temporal lobe
what is broa’s area for
speech production, language production, the thinking of words and speaking it. devoted to making sounds
how can broca’s are be damaged
through a stroke
what happens to broca’s area when a stroke happens
expressive aphasia
what is meant by expressive aphasia
person is unable to think/pronounce/say words, almost like a stutter
what is conduction aphasia
can speak and make sense, but has hard time repeating something back (verbal to verbal)
what is prosody
rhythm and musicality
what is sound symbolism
getting an effect from a tone - learned through experience
what is lexical bias
where meaning is taken literally - why young children do not understand sarcasm
what is locution
literal meaning of something
what is illocation
intended meaning, underlying meaning of a sentence
what is perlocution
emotional intention of what someone is saying, beyond illocution
what side is responsible for rhythms and tones
the right hemisphere
what can happen to us when right hemisphere is damaged
speak robotically, can’t change existing rhythm in speech
what is rhythm perception
patterns that repeat at regular intervals. this is across all cultures and entrain motor movement to inferred beat
what can humans do to rhythm that animals cannot
change rhythm
what is balanced bilingualism
being good at both languages
what is unbalanced bilingualism
rusty with one, good with other
what was concluded after semantic categorization task
monolinguals could come up with more words than bilinguals
why could monolinguals categorize more items than bilinguals
two languages are competing with one another
why are bilinguals better at multitasking
due to metalinguistic awareness (appreciating of language) are already multitasing everyday and used to it.
what is the importance of metalinguistic awareness
often bilinguals are able to appreciate the structure of language and understand better in foreign countries
what is lingua franca
when there are multiple languages in a region and one language becomes dominant and everyone shares it
what is heritage language
language of origin
what is societal language
new language immigrants have to learn
what is codeswitching
when at home immigrants switch to heritage language and when outside, they switch to societal language
