Chapter Six

Question 1

Social Deviance

Answer 1

Any transgression of socially established norms

Question 2

Primary Deviance

Answer 2

The first act of rule breaking that may be given a label of “deviant” and thus influence how people think about and act towards you

Question 3

Secondary Deviance

Answer 3

Subsequent acts of rule breaking that occur after primary deviance and as a result of your new deviant label and peoples expectations of you

Question 4

Social Cohesion

Answer 4

Social bonds; how well people relate to each other and get along on a day-to-day basis

Question 5

Mechanical Solidarity

Answer 5

Cohesion based on sameness

Question 6

Organic Solidarity

Answer 6

Social cohesion based on difference and interdependence of the parts

Question 7

Social Control

Answer 7

Set of mechanisms that create normative compliance in individuals

Question 8

Formal Social Sanctions

Answer 8

Rules or laws that prohibit deviant behavior

Question 9

Informal Social Sanctions

Answer 9

Unspoken rules and expectations about the behavior of individuals (ex. disapproving looks, shunning, disapproving comments)

Question 10

Social Integration

Answer 10

The extent to which you are integrated into your social group or community

Question 11

Social Regulation

Answer 11

The number of rules guiding your daily life, and more specifically, what you can reasonably expect from the world on a day-to-day basis

Question 12

Strain Theory

Answer 12

Robert Merton’s theory that deviance occurs when society does not give all of its members equal ability to achieve socially acceptable goals

Question 13

Conformist

Answer 13

an individual who accepts both the goals and means

Question 14

Ritualist

Answer 14

An individual accepts the means, but not the goals

Question 15

Innovator

Answer 15

A social deviant who accepts goals, but not the means

Question 16

Retreatist

Answer 16

Those who reject both goals and means by completely retreating from, or not participating in society

Question 17

Rebel

Answer 17

Individuals who reject both traditional goals and means and want to alter or destroy the social institutions from which he or she is alienated

Question 18

Labeling Theory

Answer 18

The belief that individuals subconsciously notice how others see or label them, and their reactions to those labels over time form the basis of their self identity

Question 19

Stigma

Answer 19

A negative social label that not only changes others behavior toward a person, but also alters that persons own self-concept and social identity

Question 20

Broken Windows Theory of Deviance

Answer 20

Theory explaining how social cues impact whether individuals acts deviantly – specifically whether local, informal social norms allow deviant acts

Question 21

Deterrence Theory

Answer 21

Philosophy of criminal justice arising from the notion that crime results from a rational calculation of its costs and benefits

Question 22

Recidivism

Answer 22

When an individual who has been involved with the criminal justice system reverts to criminal behavior

Question 23

Foucault’s “Panopticon”

Answer 23

A circular building composed of an inner ring and an outer ring designed to serve as a prison in which the guards, housed in the inner ring, can observe the prisoners without the detainees knowing whether they are being watched

Question 24

Egoistic Suicide

Answer 24

Suicide that occurs when one is not well integrated into a social group

Question 25

Altruistic

Answer 25

Suicide that occurs when one experiences too much social integration

Question 26

Anomic Suicide

Answer 26

Suicide that occurs as a result of insufficient social regulation

Question 27

Fatalistic Suicide

Answer 27

Suicide that occurs as a result of too much social regulation

Question 28

Street Crime

Answer 28

Crime committed in public and often associated with violence, gangs and poverty

Question 29

White Collar Crime

Answer 29

Offense committed by a professional(s) against a corporation, agency or other institution