Chapter Eight Flashcards
Essentialist Views
Biological sex as the determinant of gender identity and roles
Social Constructionist
Gender as a cultural and social construct and culture, experiences, and social interactions have a role in shaping gender
Gender Spectrum
Beyond male and female and is inclusive of non-binary, gender-fluid, transgender individuals
Gender Binary
the inaccurate concept that gender is categorized into only two distinct forms
Hegemonic Masculinity
The condition is which men are dominant and privileged, and this dominance and privilege is invisible
Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI)
challenges traditional notions by showing that traits commonly labeled as ‘masculine’ or ‘feminine’ are not biologically determined. Instead, these traits are part of a gendered system of beliefs that society has produced and reinforced over time
Gender Role Creation & Enforcement
Channels of Gender Role Socialization: Family, School, Media, Religion
Gender Inequality & Patriarchy
A nearly universal system involving the subordination of femininity to masculinity
Feminism
A social movement to get people to understand that gender is an organizing principle in society and to address gender-based inequalities that intersect with other forms of social identity
Heteronormativity
The idea that heterosexuality is the default or normal sexual orientation from which other sexualities deviate
Rubin – Assumption Challenge
Rubin’s sex/gender system challenged the assumption that because women’s subordination occurred everywhere, it must be fulfilling some societal function.
Butler – Gender Performativity
Butler’s theory of gender performativity challenges conventional ideas about gender, proposing that it is not a static state of being, but rather an ongoing performance shaped by societal norms and expectations
Parsons - Sex Role Theory
Theory that men and women perform tier sex roles as breadwinners and wives/mothers, respectively, because the nuclear family is the ideal arrangement in modern societies, fulfilling the function of reproducing workers
Hill Collins – Matrix of Domination
Intersecting domains of oppressions that create a social space of domination, and by extension, a unique position within the space based on someone’s intersectional identity along the multiple dimensions of gender, age, race, class, sexuality, location, and so on
Sex
The perceived biological difference that society typically uses to distinguish males from female
Gender
A social position: behaviours and a set of attributes that are associated with sex identities
Sexuality
Desire, sexual preference, and sexual identity and behaviour
Transgender
Describe people who gender does not correspond to their birth sex
Cisgender
Describes people whose gender corresponds to their birth sex
First Wave
Women’s suffrage, property rights and political candidacy (early 20th century)
Second Wave
Reducing inequalities in sex, family, work, reproductive rights. De facto inequalities and official legal inequalities (1960s - 1980s)
Third Wave
Seeing women’s lives as intersectional and examining issues related to women’s lives on an international basis (1990s - 2000s)
Fourth Wave
Combatting sexual harassment, assault and misogyny (2008 - present)
Sexism
Occurs when a person’s sex or gender is the basis for judgement, discrimination, or other differential treatment against that person
