Chapter Nine Flashcards
Social Location/Positionality
defined as the combination of factors including gender, race, social class, and many more. Social location is particular to each individual; that is, social location is never the exact same for any two individuals
Immigration
Refers to the movement of people into a country from another
Push Factors
Aspects of a country that make someone want to leave
Pull Factors
Aspects of another country that make someone want to go live there
Racism
a belief that race is a fundamental determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race
Prejudice
favourable or unfavourable preconceived feeling or opinion formed without knowledge, reason, or thought that prevents objective consideration of an idea, individual, group, or thing
Scapegoating
the act of blaming a person or group for something bad that has happened or that someone else has done
Ethnocentrism
The belief that one’s own culture or group is superior to others and the tendency to view all other cultures from the perspective of one’s own
Racialization
political process of ascribing ethnic or racial identities to a relationship, social practice, or group that did not identify itself as such for the purpose of domination and social exclusion
Brain Drain
The emigration of highly trained or intelligent people from a particular country
Anthem Protests
athletes protest against a variety of perceived injustices in the United States by kneeling on one knee while the U.S. national anthem is played
BlackLivesMatter
decentralized political and social movement that seeks to highlight racism, discrimination, and racial inequality experienced by black people, and promote anti-racism
Police Bias
History of police rooted in catching escaped enslaved peoples, enforcing racist laws such as the vagrancy laws to find ways to re-enslave Black Americans, keeping the Black Civil rights movement in check due the movement challenging racist laws like segregation, intentionally over policing Black communities due to perceived criminality into the modern era
Critical Race Theory Tenat #1
Race is a socially constructed and NOT a biologically grounded category. It is used to oppress and exploit people of color
Tenat #2
Racism is a normal, persistent, and defining characteristic of social institutions including politics, the legal system, the economy, and all other societal institutions/structures
Tenat #3
Progress on racial issues occurs primarily during periods of interest convergence
Tenat #4
Individuals cannot be adequately understood by their membership in separate marginalized communities
Interest Convergence
when marginalized group interests are taken up by the dominant group only due to it fitting their own interests
Social Desirability
the tendency for respondents of surveys to underreport socially undesirable attitudes and behaviors and to over report more desirable attributes
Sampling Bias
a survey not including specific groups of people for intentional or unintentional reasons
Statistical Discrimination
occurs when distinctions between demographic groups are made on the basis of real or imagined statistical distinctions between the groups
Proportionality
The fact or quality of being in proper balance or relation as to size or quantity, degree, or severity
Intergenerational Trauma
trauma that gets passed down from those who directly experience an incident to subsequent generations
Contact Hypothesis
that contact between groups can shape the prejudices and opinions of those involved
Feedback Loop
when outputs of a system are routed back as inputs as part of a chain of cause-and-effect that forms a circuit or loop
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
the phenomenon whereby a person’s or a group’s expectation for the behavior of another person or group serves actually to bring about the prophesized or expected behavior
Matthew Effect
upward and downward forces that enable the wealthy to stay rich and limits the poor from gaining ground
Ethnicity
the social group a person belongs to, and either identifies with or is identified with by others
Intersectionality
Refers to the interconnected nature of social categorizations such as race,
class, and gender as they apply to a given individual or group, creating overlapping and
interdependent systems of discrimination or disadvantage
Race (Social)
It is only because people think race IS important that it becomes important, and the significance of race has grown out of social practices and institutions.
Race (Biological)
Genetically ANY two humans are 99.9% alike and there is no genetic test that can determine race without using social definitions of race
Race
a group of people who share a set of characteristics – typically, but not always, physical ones – and are said to share a common bloodline (deemed socially significant)
Race vs. Ethnicity
- LESS FLUID
- BASED ON OTHERS PERCEPTION
- MORE FLUID
- BASED ON WHAT ONE IDENTIFIES WITH
Assimilation
The process whereby individuals or groups of differing ethnic heritage are absorbed into the dominant culture of a society
Pluralism
A mixing of different cultures in which each culture retains its own unique identity
Overt Discrimination
Clear and direct discrimination that is not hidden (in the sense that prejudiced beliefs are clearly the perpetrator’s motivation)
Subtle Discrimination
Unclear or indirect discrimination that is difficult to analyze or describe due to the perpetrators’ motivations being unclear
Systemic Discrimination
Patterns of behaviour, policies or practices that reflect current or former prejudices and that are embedded within the structures of a formal social organization, and which create or perpetuate disadvantage for marginalized persons
Adaptive Discrimination
This is when someone discriminates against a group of people not because of holding prejudiced beliefs themselves, but because they know other people are prejudiced and fear the consequences from those with prejudice
Cultural Racism
the ways in which the culture of a society perpetuates the subordination of individuals based on their race
Whitewashing
deliberately attempting to conceal unpleasant or incriminating facts
Conscious Bias
overt (readily apparent/not secret or hidden) negative behavior that can be expressed through physical and verbal harassment or through more subtle means such as exclusion
Unconscious Bias
Bias that operates outside of the person’s awareness and can be in direct contradiction to a person’s espoused beliefs and values. What is so dangerous about implicit bias is that it automatically seeps into a person’s affect or behavior and is outside of the full awareness of that person
Microagression
a comment or action that subtly and often unconsciously or unintentionally expresses a prejudiced attitude toward a member of a marginalized group (such as a racial minority)
Mastery
feeling that one has personal control over one’s life, such as the ability to meet one’s goals through their individual effort and talents
Relative Deprivation
anger and resentment stemming from the perception of having less economic, political, and social resources and rights than other groups
