Chapter Seventeen CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

Question 1

What was the positive-caloric-balance hypothesis before World War II?

Answer 1

It proposed that obesity was caused by overeating.

Question 2

Who reported that obese children ate immoderately?

Answer 2

Hilde Bruch.

Question 3

What did Louis Newburgh insist was the fundamental cause of obesity?

Answer 3

A perverted appetite.

Question 4

According to Jean Mayer, who became the primary figures in treating obesity?

Answer 4

Psychiatrists, psychologists, and moralists.

Question 5

What is the first law of thermodynamics in relation to weight gain?

Answer 5

It states that energy is neither created nor destroyed.

Question 6

What does the energy-balance equation state?

Answer 6

Change in energy stores = Energy intake - Energy expenditure.

Question 7

What misconception is associated with the first law of thermodynamics regarding obesity?

Answer 7

The assumption that an association implies cause and effect.

Question 8

What does the positive caloric balance imply?

Answer 8

Weight gain is associated with positive energy balance.

Question 9

What alternative hypothesis is suggested regarding obesity?

Answer 9

We may be driven to get fat by primary metabolic or enzymatic defects.

Question 10

What did Hugo Rony compare positive energy balance with?

Answer 10

The situation in growing children.

Question 11

How does Rony explain the relationship between caloric intake and growth?

Answer 11

Children eat voraciously because they are growing, requiring excess calories.

Question 12

What hormonal changes drive pregnant women to gain weight?

Answer 12

Hormonal changes induce hunger and lethargy.

Question 13

What is the misconception regarding energy intake and expenditure?

Answer 13

That they are independent variables.

Question 14

What did John Yudkin state about increased food intake?

Answer 14

Increased food means increased weight if physical activity does not change.

Question 15

What was the criticism of traditional views on obesity?

Answer 15

They treat humans as simple machines.

Question 16

How many calories does an average person consume in a year?

Answer 16

Almost a million calories.

Question 17

What subtle changes might lead to obesity according to Eugene Du Bois?

Answer 17

An endocrine disturbance that upsets the balance by less than 0.1 of 1 percent.

Question 18

What is the essential question regarding obesity research?

Answer 18

What are the metabolic and hormonal deviations that drive the fattening process?

Question 19

What is a common misconception about the cause of obesity?

Answer 19

That overeating and physical inactivity are the primary causes.

Question 20

Fill in the blank: The first law of thermodynamics is about energy _______.

Answer 20

conservation.

Question 21

True or False: Positive caloric balance is always the cause of obesity.

Answer 21

False.

Question 22

What is the relationship between appetite and caloric output according to Rony?

Answer 22

The mechanism that adjusts appetite to caloric output is disturbed.

Question 23

Who suggested that common obesity is an endocrine disturbance affecting energy balance?

Answer 23

Eugene Du Bois

Du Bois’s work was influential in understanding basal metabolism.

Question 24

What do Gordon Kennedy’s propositions about energy balance suggest?

Answer 24

1. Long-term regulation of energy balance must exist.
2. Appetite control alone does not maintain this balance.

Question 25

What is the set-point hypothesis related to body weight regulation?

Answer 25

The idea that bodies defend a preferred amount of body fat against caloric excess or deficit.

Question 26

What happens to hunger and metabolism when there is a decrease in caloric intake?

Answer 26

Hunger increases and metabolism slows down.

Question 27

True or False: The body compensates for reduced calorie intake by only decreasing fat tissue.

Answer 27

False ## Footnote The body also decreases energy expenditure and increases hunger.

Question 28

What role do hormones like insulin and glucagon play in energy restriction?

Answer 28

They regulate metabolic responses to energy restriction.

Question 29

What is Luxuskonsumption?

Answer 29

A spendthrift metabolism that dissipates excess calories as heat or activity.

Question 30

According to Rubner, what dominates the thermogenic effect during digestion?

Answer 30

Protein in the diet.

Question 31

What happens to energy expenditure in response to caloric surplus?

Answer 31

Energy expenditure increases.

Question 32

Fill in the blank: The ability to burn off excess calories is known as _______.

Answer 32

Luxuskonsumption.

Question 33

What did the findings of Derek Miller on young pigs suggest about caloric intake?

Answer 33

Pigs could consume excess calories without gaining weight due to Luxuskonsumption.

Question 34

What are the two main interpretations of how our bodies respond to caloric intake?

Answer 34

1. Thrifty metabolism in undernourishment. 2. Spendthrift metabolism in overnourishment.

Question 35

How do lean individuals differ from obese individuals in terms of energy expenditure?

Answer 35

Lean individuals have a higher expenditure of energy relative to their intake.

Question 36

What is the relationship between physical activity and weight according to the text?

Answer 36

Physical activity does not necessarily lead to weight loss due to compensatory metabolic adjustments.

Question 37

Who introduced the concept of 'total self-regulatory functions'?

Answer 37

Curt Richter.

Question 38

What is the primary purpose of behavioral adaptations in response to hunger and thirst?

Answer 38

To maintain homeostasis.

Question 39

What did Eugene Du Bois describe in his metabolism textbook regarding body weight regulation?

Answer 39

The system that regulates stable body weight as understood in 1936.

Question 40

What is the primary function of the system described by Eugene Du Bois in 1936?

Answer 40

Regulation of a stable body weight ## Footnote This system is influenced by the depletion of necessary reserves of protein, fat, and carbohydrates.

Question 41

How does consuming more calories than needed affect the body according to Du Bois?

Answer 41

Excess calories are either burned off as heat or induce physical activity ## Footnote This results in increased energy and potential fat burning through extra work or exercise.

Question 42

What happens when less food is consumed than required to replenish reserves?

Answer 42

Heat generation in response to a meal is minimized, and stored nutrients are used ## Footnote Continued caloric deficit leads to lower metabolism and reduced activity.

Question 43

What components are involved in the appetite mechanism?

Answer 43

Central nervous system, endocrine glands, gastric neuro-muscular apparatus, organs of glycogen, protein, and fat reserves ## Footnote This mechanism is crucial for body weight regulation.

Question 44

What is the chief site of action for food intake mechanisms according to Samuel Lepkovsky?

Answer 44

The cell ## Footnote Cells and tissues require and expend the energy consumed.

Question 45

What is the fundamental requirement of any living organism regarding energy?

Answer 45

To provide a steady and reliable supply of fuel to its cells ## Footnote This requirement drives the regulatory system of hormones, enzymes, and the nervous system.

Question 46

What crucial factor determines the effectiveness of energy consumption?

Answer 46

How nutrients or the energy they contain are distributed and utilized ## Footnote The demand for energy at the cellular level is more important than the energy balance.

Question 47

What was the significance of the book 'Obesity and Leanness' published after 1900?

Answer 47

It was the first serious book on obesity published in that time period ## Footnote It presented a comprehensive and balanced analysis of evidence related to obesity.

Question 48

What is a hormone secreted by the pancreas that counteracts insulin effects?

Answer 48

Glucagon ## Footnote This hormone plays a role in regulating blood sugar levels.

Question 49

What phenomenon led to the notion of low-protein diets for weight loss?

Answer 49

The ability to burn off excess calories when consuming a protein-deficient diet in young animals ## Footnote This ability was not replicated in older animals or other species.

Question 50

True or False: The total energy expenditure of obese individuals is likely to be less than that of non-obese individuals.

Answer 50

False ## Footnote Obese individuals have more pounds to expend energy and generate heat.