Chapter Eleven THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DIABETES Flashcards
What is the relationship between carbohydrate intake and arteriosclerosis?
Excessive carbohydrate intake can cause obesity, which may lead to arteriosclerosis.
Does persistent high blood sugar contribute to arteriosclerosis in diabetes?
Yes, it is likely a cause due to its abnormal nature.
How does the risk of coronary artery disease in diabetics compare to historical data?
It remains unchanged compared to 1921, despite therapeutic innovations.
What is the expected life expectancy difference for Type 2 diabetics?
They can expect to die five to ten years prematurely.
What has traditionally been assumed about saturated fat in relation to heart disease in diabetics?
It is considered the nutritional agent of heart disease.
What dietary recommendation did the American Diabetes Association make in the early 1970s?
To eat more carbohydrates instead of less.
What does research suggest about the relationship between heart disease and metabolic syndrome?
Metabolic syndrome increases heart disease risk, especially in diabetics.
What factors characterize the continuum of physical degeneration in diabetes?
High insulin, insulin resistance, high blood sugar, high triglycerides, low HDL, and small, dense LDL.
What is the cholesterol hypothesis regarding heart disease?
High cholesterol is believed to cause heart disease, supported by observations in genetic disorders.
True or False: Higher blood pressure is associated with increased heart disease risk.
True.
What is suggested about the role of insulin in atherosclerosis?
Insulin may cause or exacerbate atherosclerosis.
What are reactive oxygen species and why are they significant?
They are byproducts of glucose metabolism that can cause oxidative stress.
What are advanced glycation end-products (AGEs)?
They are formed by the attachment of sugar to proteins without enzymatic control.
Fill in the blank: The carbohydrate hypothesis suggests that insulin and/or blood sugar plays a role in the _______.
disease process.
What chronic diseases are associated with diabetes and metabolic syndrome?
Stroke, vascular dementia, kidney disease, blindness, nerve damage, and atheromatous disease.
What is the implication of consuming refined carbohydrates for both diabetics and healthy individuals?
It may increase the risk of chronic diseases by elevating blood sugar and insulin.
What is the significance of insulin resistance in relation to heart disease?
It is often considered a primary factor influencing heart disease risk.
What did Robert Stout’s research suggest about insulin’s effects on arterial walls?
Insulin enhances the transport of cholesterol and fats into arterial cells.
What is the potential consequence of consuming large quantities of refined carbohydrates?
It can lead to hyperinsulinemia and atherosclerosis.
What is oxidative stress?
The deterioration caused by the oxidation of molecules, often linked to reactive oxygen species.
What is the role of enzymes in glycation?
They control the attachment of sugars to proteins in a regulated manner.
What does the term ‘glycation’ refer to?
The attachment of a sugar molecule to a protein.
What role do enzymes play in chemical reactions?
Enzymes oversee chemical reactions to ensure they conform to a tightly regulated metabolic program.
What is glycation?
The initial step where a sugar molecule attaches to a protein, which is reversible under low blood-sugar levels.
