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Chapter One: Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

Studies shape and STRUCTURE of body parts and relationship to one another
Concrete

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2
Q

Physiology

A

The FUNCTION of body parts and how they work together

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3
Q

Anatomy divided into two parts

A

Macro- regional, systematic, surface

Micro- molecular, cytotology, histology

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4
Q

Essential tools for anatomy

A 
Terminology
Observation
Manipulation
Palpation (feeling organs) 
Auscultation (listening to organs)
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5
Q

Topics of physiology, subdivisions based off of

A

Organ systems

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6
Q

Renal physiology

A

Kidney and urine function

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7
Q

Neurophysiology

A

Nervous system

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8
Q

Cardiovascular physiology

A

Heart and blood vessels

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9
Q

Essential tools for physiology

A

Focus at many levels
Physical principles
Chemical principles of

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10
Q

Principle of complementarity

A

Anatomy and physiology inseparable

Function always reflects structure

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11
Q

Levels of structural organization

A 
Atom
Molecule
Cell
Organelle
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organismal
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12
Q

Maintaining boundaries

A

Internal separate from external

Plasma membranes and integumentary involved

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13
Q

Necessities of maintaining human life

A 
Boundaries
Movement 
Responsiveness
Digestion
Metabolism 
Excretion
Reproduction
Growth
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14
Q

Movement

A

Of body parts (skeletal system)

Of substances in and out

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15
Q

Responsiveness

A

(Irritability) Ability to sense and respond to stimuli

Withdrawal reflex and control breathing rate

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16
Q

Digestion

A 
Breakdown food (macro)
Absorption of simple molecules into blood
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17
Q

Metabolism

A

All chemical reactions that occur in body cells (micro)

Catabolism and anabolism

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18
Q

Catabolism

A

Breaking down substances into simple building blocks

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19
Q

Anabolism

A

Synthesizing complex structures from simple substances

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20
Q

Excretion

A

Removal of waste from metabolism and digestion

Ex carbon dioxide, urine

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21
Q

Reproduction

A

Cellular division for growth and repair

Produce offspring

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22
Q

Growth

A

Increase in size of body part or organism (number cells increase)

23
Q

Survival needs

A 
Nutrients
Oxygen
Water 
Body temp
Atomospheric pressure
24
Q

Nutrients

A

Chemicals for energy and cell building

Carbs, fats, minerals (plant based) vitamins, proteins (animal based)

25
Oxygen
Essential for energy release, atp production | Oxidative reaction
26
Water
Most abundant chemical in body | Need for chemical reactions
27
Normal body temp
Affects date of chemical reaction
28
Appropriate atmospheric pressure
For adequate gas exchange in lungs
29
Integumentary System
Forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury and drying out. hair nails and sweat and oil glands.
30
Skeletal System
Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. stores calcium
31
Muscular System
Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Main-tains posture, and produces heat.
32
Nervous System
As the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles. and glands. brain, spinal cord, nerves
33
Endocrine System
Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.
34
Cardiovascular System
Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood.
35
Lymphatic System/Immunity
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris. white blood cells (lymphocytes) The immune response attacks against foreign substances within the body.
36
Respiratory System
gaseous exchanges | Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. lungs and airway
37
Digestive System
Breaks down food into absorbable macromolecules. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces
38
Urinary System
balances water, gets rid of nitrogenous waste, kidneys and bladder
39
reproductive system
production of offspring
40
Inter-Dependance of Cells and Organs
All cells depend on organ systems to meet their survival needs Organ systems work cooperatively to perform necessary life functions
41
homeostasis
maintaining stable internal environment | dynamic state of equilibrium
42
homeostasis ex
blood oxygen temperature blood pressure blood sugar and water
43
Homeostatic Imbalance
Disturbance of homeostasis Increases risk of disease Contributes to changes associated with aging May allow destructive positive feedback mechanisms to take over (e.g., heart failure)
44
Homeostasis Process
``` Stimulus goes to receptor Sends info along afferent pathway To control center Sends info by efferent pathway To effector Which sends response Balances everything out ```
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three parts to homeostasis control
receptor, control center, effector
46
receptor
(sensor) Monitors the environment Responds to stimuli (changes in controlled variables)
47
Afferent pathway
receptor sends input to control center
48
control center
Determines the set point at which the variable is maintained Receives input from receptor Determines appropriate response
49
efferent pathway
control center sends input to effector
50
effector
Receives output from control center Provides the means to respond Response acts to reduce or enhance the stimulus (feedback)
51
negative feedback
The response reduces or shuts off the original stimulus, opposite direction
52
negative feedback example
Regulation of body temperature (a nervous mechanism) | Regulation of blood volume by ADH (an endocrine mechanism)
53
positive feedback
The response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus May exhibit a cascade or amplifying effect Usually controls infrequent events e.g.:
54
positive feedback examples
ovulation, labor contractions, blood clotting

Anatomy (29 decks)

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