Chapter One: Human Body Flashcards
Anatomy
Studies shape and STRUCTURE of body parts and relationship to one another
Concrete
Physiology
The FUNCTION of body parts and how they work together
Anatomy divided into two parts
Macro- regional, systematic, surface
Micro- molecular, cytotology, histology
Essential tools for anatomy
Terminology Observation Manipulation Palpation (feeling organs) Auscultation (listening to organs)
Topics of physiology, subdivisions based off of
Organ systems
Renal physiology
Kidney and urine function
Neurophysiology
Nervous system
Cardiovascular physiology
Heart and blood vessels
Essential tools for physiology
Focus at many levels
Physical principles
Chemical principles of
Principle of complementarity
Anatomy and physiology inseparable
Function always reflects structure
Levels of structural organization
Atom Molecule Cell Organelle Tissue Organ Organ system Organismal
Maintaining boundaries
Internal separate from external
Plasma membranes and integumentary involved
Necessities of maintaining human life
Boundaries Movement Responsiveness Digestion Metabolism Excretion Reproduction Growth
Movement
Of body parts (skeletal system)
Of substances in and out
Responsiveness
(Irritability) Ability to sense and respond to stimuli
Withdrawal reflex and control breathing rate
Digestion
Breakdown food (macro) Absorption of simple molecules into blood
Metabolism
All chemical reactions that occur in body cells (micro)
Catabolism and anabolism
Catabolism
Breaking down substances into simple building blocks
Anabolism
Synthesizing complex structures from simple substances
Excretion
Removal of waste from metabolism and digestion
Ex carbon dioxide, urine
Reproduction
Cellular division for growth and repair
Produce offspring
Growth
Increase in size of body part or organism (number cells increase)
Survival needs
Nutrients Oxygen Water Body temp Atomospheric pressure
Nutrients
Chemicals for energy and cell building
Carbs, fats, minerals (plant based) vitamins, proteins (animal based)
Oxygen
Essential for energy release, atp production
Oxidative reaction
Water
Most abundant chemical in body
Need for chemical reactions
Normal body temp
Affects date of chemical reaction
Appropriate atmospheric pressure
For adequate gas exchange in lungs
Integumentary System
Forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury and drying out.
hair nails and sweat and oil glands.
Skeletal System
Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. stores calcium
Muscular System
Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Main-tains posture, and produces heat.
Nervous System
As the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles. and glands. brain, spinal cord, nerves
Endocrine System
Glands secrete hormones that regulate
processes such as growth, reproduction,
and nutrient use (metabolism) by body
cells.
Cardiovascular System
Blood vessels transport blood,
which carries oxygen, carbon
dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.
The heart pumps blood.
Lymphatic System/Immunity
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels
and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris. white
blood cells (lymphocytes) The immune response attacks against foreign substances
within the body.
Respiratory System
gaseous exchanges
Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. lungs and airway
Digestive System
Breaks down food into absorbable macromolecules. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces
Urinary System
balances water, gets rid of nitrogenous waste, kidneys and bladder
reproductive system
production of offspring
Inter-Dependance of Cells and Organs
All cells depend on organ systems to meet their survival needs
Organ systems work cooperatively to perform necessary life functions
homeostasis
maintaining stable internal environment
dynamic state of equilibrium
homeostasis ex
blood oxygen
temperature
blood pressure
blood sugar and water
Homeostatic Imbalance
Disturbance of homeostasis
Increases risk of disease
Contributes to changes associated with aging
May allow destructive positive feedback mechanisms to take over (e.g., heart failure)
Homeostasis Process
Stimulus goes to receptor Sends info along afferent pathway To control center Sends info by efferent pathway To effector Which sends response Balances everything out
three parts to homeostasis control
receptor, control center, effector
receptor
(sensor)
Monitors the environment
Responds to stimuli (changes in controlled variables)
Afferent pathway
receptor sends input to control center
control center
Determines the set point at which the variable is maintained
Receives input from receptor
Determines appropriate response
efferent pathway
control center sends input to effector
effector
Receives output from control center
Provides the means to respond
Response acts to reduce or enhance the stimulus (feedback)
negative feedback
The response reduces or shuts off the original stimulus, opposite direction
negative feedback example
Regulation of body temperature (a nervous mechanism)
Regulation of blood volume by ADH (an endocrine mechanism)
positive feedback
The response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus
May exhibit a cascade or amplifying effect
Usually controls infrequent events e.g.:
positive feedback examples
ovulation, labor contractions, blood clotting
