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Anatomy > Chapter One: Human Body > Flashcards

Chapter One: Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

Studies shape and STRUCTURE of body parts and relationship to one another
Concrete

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2
Q

Physiology

A

The FUNCTION of body parts and how they work together

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3
Q

Anatomy divided into two parts

A

Macro- regional, systematic, surface

Micro- molecular, cytotology, histology

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4
Q

Essential tools for anatomy

A 
Terminology
Observation
Manipulation
Palpation (feeling organs) 
Auscultation (listening to organs)
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5
Q

Topics of physiology, subdivisions based off of

A

Organ systems

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6
Q

Renal physiology

A

Kidney and urine function

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7
Q

Neurophysiology

A

Nervous system

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8
Q

Cardiovascular physiology

A

Heart and blood vessels

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9
Q

Essential tools for physiology

A

Focus at many levels
Physical principles
Chemical principles of

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10
Q

Principle of complementarity

A

Anatomy and physiology inseparable

Function always reflects structure

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11
Q

Levels of structural organization

A 
Atom
Molecule
Cell
Organelle
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organismal
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12
Q

Maintaining boundaries

A

Internal separate from external

Plasma membranes and integumentary involved

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13
Q

Necessities of maintaining human life

A 
Boundaries
Movement 
Responsiveness
Digestion
Metabolism 
Excretion
Reproduction
Growth
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14
Q

Movement

A

Of body parts (skeletal system)

Of substances in and out

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15
Q

Responsiveness

A

(Irritability) Ability to sense and respond to stimuli

Withdrawal reflex and control breathing rate

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16
Q

Digestion

A 
Breakdown food (macro)
Absorption of simple molecules into blood
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17
Q

Metabolism

A

All chemical reactions that occur in body cells (micro)

Catabolism and anabolism

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18
Q

Catabolism

A

Breaking down substances into simple building blocks

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19
Q

Anabolism

A

Synthesizing complex structures from simple substances

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20
Q

Excretion

A

Removal of waste from metabolism and digestion

Ex carbon dioxide, urine

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21
Q

Reproduction

A

Cellular division for growth and repair

Produce offspring

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22
Q

Growth

A

Increase in size of body part or organism (number cells increase)

23
Q

Survival needs

A 
Nutrients
Oxygen
Water 
Body temp
Atomospheric pressure
24
Q

Nutrients

A

Chemicals for energy and cell building

Carbs, fats, minerals (plant based) vitamins, proteins (animal based)

25
Q

Oxygen

A

Essential for energy release, atp production

Oxidative reaction

26
Q

Water

A

Most abundant chemical in body

Need for chemical reactions

27
Q

Normal body temp

A

Affects date of chemical reaction

28
Q

Appropriate atmospheric pressure

A

For adequate gas exchange in lungs

29
Q

Integumentary System

A

Forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury and drying out.
hair nails and sweat and oil glands.

30
Q

Skeletal System

A

Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. stores calcium

31
Q

Muscular System

A

Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Main-tains posture, and produces heat.

32
Q

Nervous System

A

As the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles. and glands. brain, spinal cord, nerves

33
Q

Endocrine System

A

Glands secrete hormones that regulate
processes such as growth, reproduction,
and nutrient use (metabolism) by body
cells.

34
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

Blood vessels transport blood,
which carries oxygen, carbon
dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.
The heart pumps blood.

35
Q

Lymphatic System/Immunity

A

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels
and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris. white
blood cells (lymphocytes) The immune response attacks against foreign substances
within the body.

36
Q

Respiratory System

A

gaseous exchanges

Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. lungs and airway

37
Q

Digestive System

A

Breaks down food into absorbable macromolecules. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces

38
Q

Urinary System

A

balances water, gets rid of nitrogenous waste, kidneys and bladder

39
Q

reproductive system

A

production of offspring

40
Q

Inter-Dependance of Cells and Organs

A

All cells depend on organ systems to meet their survival needs
Organ systems work cooperatively to perform necessary life functions

41
Q

homeostasis

A

maintaining stable internal environment

dynamic state of equilibrium

42
Q

homeostasis ex

A

blood oxygen
temperature
blood pressure
blood sugar and water

43
Q

Homeostatic Imbalance

A

Disturbance of homeostasis
Increases risk of disease
Contributes to changes associated with aging
May allow destructive positive feedback mechanisms to take over (e.g., heart failure)

44
Q

Homeostasis Process

A 
Stimulus goes to receptor 
Sends info along afferent pathway 
To control center 
Sends info by efferent pathway 
To effector 
Which sends response 
Balances everything out
45
Q

three parts to homeostasis control

A

receptor, control center, effector

46
Q

receptor

A

(sensor)
Monitors the environment
Responds to stimuli (changes in controlled variables)

47
Q

Afferent pathway

A

receptor sends input to control center

48
Q

control center

A

Determines the set point at which the variable is maintained
Receives input from receptor
Determines appropriate response

49
Q

efferent pathway

A

control center sends input to effector

50
Q

effector

A

Receives output from control center
Provides the means to respond
Response acts to reduce or enhance the stimulus (feedback)

51
Q

negative feedback

A

The response reduces or shuts off the original stimulus, opposite direction

52
Q

negative feedback example

A

Regulation of body temperature (a nervous mechanism)

Regulation of blood volume by ADH (an endocrine mechanism)

53
Q

positive feedback

A

The response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus
May exhibit a cascade or amplifying effect
Usually controls infrequent events e.g.:

54
Q

positive feedback examples

A

ovulation, labor contractions, blood clotting

Anatomy (29 decks)

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