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Anatomy > chapter 2 chemistry > Flashcards

chapter 2 chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

elements that make up body mass

A

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

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2
Q

planetary model

A

outdated, general orbit of electrons,

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3
Q

orbital model

A

current model, grey electron cloud, used to predict probable region of electron

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4
Q

orbitals

A

regions around nucleus where electrons are most likely to be found

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5
Q

atomic number

A

number of proteins in atom also indirectly number of electrons

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6
Q

mass number

A

mass of protons and neutrons together

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7
Q

isotopes

A

structural variations that differ in number of neutrons for elements

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8
Q

atomic weight

A

average of mass numbers of isotopes

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9
Q

radioisotopes

A

atoms decompose into more stable forms

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10
Q

radioactivity occurs when

A

alpha, beta, or gamma particles are ejected from nucleus

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11
Q

molecule

A

two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

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12
Q

compound

A

2 or more different kinds of atoms bonded together

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13
Q

mixtures

A

two or more compounds physically intermixed

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14
Q

three types of mixtures

A

solutions, colloids, suspensions

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15
Q

solution

A

homogenous mixture, transparent, sea water or air

cant see path of light

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16
Q

solvent

A

present in greatest amount, usually liquid, being dissolved in

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17
Q

solute

A

what is being dissolved, smaller amounts

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18
Q

colloids

A

heterogeneous, translucent, milky, larger particles but dont settle out, gelatin

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19
Q

suspensions

A

heterogenous mixtures with large particles, visible, tend to settle out, sand water

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20
Q

mixtures vs compounds

A

mixtures` no chemical bonds, can be seperated physically, hetero or homo
compounds- seperated only by breaking bonds, homo

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21
Q

electron farthest from nucleus

A

greatest potential energy, most likely to interact

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22
Q

stable atoms

A

outermost energy level full, unreactive, contains 8 electrons

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23
Q

if outermost energy level contains less than 8 electrons

A

tend to gain, share, or lose electrons to achieve stability

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24
Q

octet rule

A

atoms interact in a manner to have 8 electrons in their outer most energy level

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25
Q

types of chemical bonds

A

ionic, covalent, hydrogen

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26
Q

ions

A

formed by transfer of valance shall electrons

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27
Q

anions

A

negative charge, gained electrons

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28
Q

cations

A

positive charge, lost electrons

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29
Q

ionic bond

A

chemical bond between atoms formed by transfer of electron

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30
Q

covalent

A

shared valance electrons

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31
Q

nonpolar

A

equally shared electrons, balanced

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32
Q

polar

A

unequal sharing of electrons,

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33
Q

electronegative

A

6 or 7 valance electrons, attract electrons

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34
Q

electropositive

A

atoms with few electrons, lose electrons

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35
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

very weak, but essential to allow for reactions at body temp

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36
Q

sysnthesis

A

A + B = AB
Always involve bond formation
Anabolic (vs. catabolic)

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37
Q

decomposition reaction

A 
AB = A + B
Hydrolysis is an example of this type.
Reverse synthesis reactions
Involve breaking of bonds
Catabolic
38
Q

exchange reactions

A

AB + C = AC + B
Also called displacement reactions
Bonds are both made and broken
part of reactant molecules change partners to produce differnet products

39
Q

oxidized

A

electron donor, loses electron

40
Q

reduced

A

electron acceptor, gains electron

41
Q

exergonic

A

release energy, products have less energy than reactants

42
Q

endergonic reactions

A

gain energy, products have more energy than reactants

43
Q

reversibility

A

All chemical reactions are theoretically reversible

44
Q

chemical equilibrium

A

Chemical equilibrium occurs if neither a forward nor reverse reaction is dominant

45
Q

why are Many biological reactions are essentially irreversible

A

due to
Energy requirements
Removal of products

46
Q

how to increase rate of chemical reactionS

A

increase temp
decrease size
increase concentration of reactant
add catalysts

47
Q

inorganic compounds

A

do not contain carbon, water, salt, acid, base

48
Q

organic compounds

A

Contain carbon (except CO2 and CO, which are inorganic)
Unique to living systems
Include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
many are polymers

49
Q

dehydratin synthesis

A

Monomers are joined by removal of water

50
Q

hydrolysis

A

monomers are broken by addition of water

51
Q

water properties

A 
high heat capacity
high vaporization heat
polar solvent properties
reactivity 
cushioning
52
Q

acids

A

proton donors, release h

53
Q

bases

A

proton acceptors, oh,

54
Q

ph

A

measures concentration of h ions

55
Q

neutralization

A

when acids and bases mix to form water and salt

56
Q

buffers

A

mixture of compounds that resist ph changes

57
Q

strong acids

A

disociate completely and irreversibly in water

58
Q

weak acids

A

do not disociate completely

59
Q

carbohydrates

A

Sugars and starches
Contain C, H, and O [(CH20)n]
Three classes

60
Q

three carb classes

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

61
Q

carbohydrate functions

A 
Major source of cellular fuel (e.g., glucose)
Structural molecules (e.g., ribose sugar in RNA)
62
Q

monosaccharides

A

Simple sugars
(CH20)n
fructose, ribose, gluctose

63
Q

disaccharides

A

Double sugars
Too large to pass through cell membranes
sucrose, lactose, maltose

64
Q

polysacchatides

A

Polymers of simple sugars, e.g., starch and glycogen
Not very soluble
large

65
Q

lipids

A

Contain C, H, O (less than in carbohydrates), and sometimes P
Insoluble in water

66
Q

main types of lipids

A

Neutral fats or triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids
Eicosanoids

67
Q

Triglycerides

A

Neutral fats—solid fats and liquid oils

Composed of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule

68
Q

triglycerides main functions

A

Main functions
Energy storage
Insulation
Protection

69
Q

Saturated fatty acids

A

Single bonds between C atoms; maximum number of H
Solid animal fats, e.g., butter
straight chain

70
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

A

One or more double bonds between C atoms
Reduced number of H atoms
Plant oils, e.g., olive oil
bent chains

71
Q

Phospholipids

A

Glycerol + two fatty acids and a phosphorus (P)-containing group
hydrophillic polar head, hydrophobic nonpolar tails
part of all cell membranes

72
Q

steroids

A

lipids
Steroids—interlocking four-ring structure
Cholesterol, vitamin D, steroid hormones like testosterone / estrogen

73
Q

Eicosanoids

A

Many different ones
Derived from omega fatty acids
Prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrines
positive feedback loop

74
Q

Lipoproteins

A

Transport fats in the blood

75
Q

proteins

A

Polymers of amino acids (20 types)
Joined by peptide bonds
Contain C, H, O, N, and sometimes S and P

76
Q

r groups

A

makes amino acids differnet

77
Q

protein primary structure

A

The sequence of amino acids forms the polypeptide chain.

78
Q

protein secundary structure

A

form helix spirals and zigzag sheets which are held together by hydrogen bonds

79
Q

protein tertiary structure

A

secundary molecules are folded up to form a compact globular molecule held together by intramolecular bonds.

80
Q

quaternary structure

A

Two or more polypeptide chains, each with its own tertiary structure,
combine to form a functional protein

81
Q

fibrous proteins

A

Fibrous (structural) proteins
Strandlike, water insoluble, and stable
Examples: keratin, elastin, collagen, and certain contractile fibers

82
Q

globular proteins

A

Globular (functional) proteins
Compact, spherical, water-soluble and sensitive to environmental changes
Specific functional regions (active sites)
Examples: antibodies, hormones, molecular chaperones, and enzymes

83
Q

Molecular Chaperones (Chaperonins

A

Ensure quick and accurate folding and association of proteins
Promote breakdown of damaged or denatured proteins
Help trigger the immune response
Produced in response to stressful stimuli, e.g., O2 deprivation

84
Q

Enzymes

A

Biological catalysts

Lower the activation energy, increase the speed of a reaction

85
Q

some enzymes consist of

A

Apoenzyme (protein)

Cofactor (metal ion) or coenzyme (a vitamin)

86
Q

substrate

A

substance on which enzyme acts

87
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

DNA and RNA
Largest molecules in the body
Contain C, O, H, N, and P
Building block = nucleotide, composed of N-containing base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group

88
Q

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

A

Four bases:
adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T)
Double-stranded helical molecule in the cell nucleus
Provides instructions for protein synthesis
Replicates before cell division, ensuring genetic continuity

89
Q

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

A

Four bases:
adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and uracil (U)
Single-stranded molecule mostly active outside the nucleus

90
Q

Phosphorylation:

A

Terminal phosphates are enzymatically transferred to and energize other molecules
Such “primed” molecules perform cellular work (life processes) using the phosphate bond energy

Anatomy (29 decks)

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