Chapter III Processing, Absorbing and Conversion of Raw Materials

Question 1

also known as gastrointestinal tract is the entire length of tubes from the mouth to the anus. It breakdown and absorbs food through its lining into the blood

Answer 1

Alimentary canal

Question 2

Commonly known as mucus membrane is the innermost layer of tissue

Answer 2

The Mucosa

Question 3

Three major functions of mucosa

Answer 3

1. Secrete mucus, digestive enzymes, and hormones
2. Absorb the end products of digestion into the blood
3. Protect against infectious disease.

Question 4

external to the mucosa, s areolar connective tissue, loaded with
supply of blood and lymphatic vessels, lymphoid follicles, and nerve fibers which enable the
stomach to regain its normal shape after temporarily storing a large meal.

Answer 4

The Submucosa

Question 5

surrounds the submucosa. It is responsible for

segmentation and peristalsis

Answer 5

Muscularis Externa

Question 6

act as valves that control food passage from one organ to the next, they also prevent backflow.

Answer 6

sphincters

Question 7

Also known as the visceral peritoneum, is the outer most layer of the intraperitoneal organs.

Answer 7

Serosa

Question 8

ordinary fibrous connective tissue that binds the esophagus to surrounding structures

Answer 8

adventitia

Question 9

a beginning of the long journey of the food that you eat

Answer 9

Chewing

Question 10

is achieved by the process of mastication and contraction of the smooth muscles of the
digestive tract

Answer 10

Mechanical digestion

Question 11

starts with the biting of food, with the teeth break apart the food as you chew

Answer 11

Ingestion

Question 12

swallowed and the peristalsis or muscular action of the esophagus moves the bolus down to the stomach

Answer 12

Bolus

Question 13

watery mixture of food, saliva, stomach acid and

enzymes, enters the small intestine.

Answer 13

Chyme

Question 14

The mucosa of the small intestine

is lined with simple columnar epithelial tissue, and is covered in folds called

Answer 14

plicae circulares

Question 15

first by the absorption of water, and then by the secretion of mucus,
which moves the stool into the rectum, where it waits to be expelled from the body through the
anus.

Answer 15

Egestion or Eliminating Wastes

Question 16

After the digestion into glucose, fructose and galactose, the nutrients
are absorbed across the enterocyte or the intestinal absorptive cells of the small intestine and into
the blood stream to be transported to the liver.

Answer 16

Carbohydrates

Question 17

are transported from the

intestinal lumen through the enterocytes, then to the blood

Answer 17

amino acids

Question 18

are transported from the enterocyte or the intestinal absorptive cells, into blood by a mechanism distinctly different from monosaccharides and amino acids.

Answer 18

Lipids

Question 19

are extruded from

the Golgi into exocytotic vesicles, which are transported to the basolateral aspect of the enterocyte

Answer 19

chylomicrons

Question 20

Chylomicrons are transported first into

the lymphatic vessel that penetrates into each villus called

Answer 20

central lacteal

Question 21

are cleaved by the acidity of the gastric juice in

the stomach into proteins (histones, protamines, etc.) and nucleic acids

Answer 21

nucleoproteins

Question 22

is hydrolyzed by ribonucleases, while DNA is hydrolyzed by deoxyribonucleases, into nucleotides

Answer 22

Nucleic acid RNA

Question 23

are absorbed in the small intestine, together

with certain amounts of nucleoside and pentose phosphates.

Answer 23

Purines and pyrimidines

Question 24

occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell

Answer 24

Glycolysis

Question 25

The pyruvate molecules enters the mitochondrial matrix where it is converted into twocarbon molecule, bound to Coenzyme A, known as acetyl CoA. Carbon dioxide is released and
NADH is generated

Answer 25

Pyruvate Oxidation

Question 26

the process how the ATP molecules are manufactured in the cells, particularly within the mitochondria

Answer 26

Cellular Respiration.

Question 27

The acetyl CoA goes through a cycle of reactions, that ends up in generating the fourcarbon starting molecule. ATP, NADH, and FADH2 (Flavin adenine dinucleotide), are produced,
and carbon dioxide is released.

Answer 27

Citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle

Question 28

The NADH and FADH2 produced in Krebs cycle deposits their electrons in the electron
transport chain, turning back into their earlier forms of NAD+ and FAD

Answer 28

Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 29

Protons flow back into the matrix through an enzyme called

Answer 29

ATP Synthase