Chapter II Part 2 - Nomenclature Flashcards
2 types of ions
- cat/anionic (met-nonmet)
- polyatomic (comps w/ charge)
how to name ionic compounds w/ fixed neutral charge
KFl
no prefixes, bc it’s always in a ratio
last term “-ide”
“Potassium fluoride”
2 types of cov bonds & alt name for “covalent” bonds
- nonmet
- nonmet & metalloid
“molecular bonds”
prefixes for cov bonds up to 10
mono di tri tetra penta hexa hepta octo nona deca
how do cov bonds end (CO₂)
“-ide”
“carbon di-ox-ide”
what charge ion comes first when naming a fixed charge compound (with lithium and flouride)
the positive charge
lithium + fluoride –> LiFl
how to name variable charge ions (Fe2+ & Fe3+)
roman numerals = ion charge
Fe2+ –> Iron (II) ion
Fe3+ –> Iron (III) ion
Difference between ion & covalent comp ratios
Ion ratios = reduced to lowest form, bc in lattice
Covalent ratios = not reduced, bc different ratios make different molecules
define hydrate
ion comps bonding to a certain # of water molecules in a crystal lattice
2 steps to name hydrates (ex. MgSO₄ ⋅ 7H₂O)
1) Name the ion (“magnesium sulfate”)
2) Take the cov comp prefix that matches the # of molecules of water, & put “hydrate” @ end:
“magnesium sulfate heptahydrate”
how to write form for hydrates (ex. “magnesium sulfate heptahydrate”)
1) Write out ion & corresponding # of water molecules
2) Put operator dot between them:
- -> MgSO₄ ⋅ 7H₂O
Define Arrhenius acid
compound forming H⁺ hydrogen ions when put in a solution (of water)
4 symbols to use when writing acid reactions
g = gas l = liquid s = solid aq = aqueous (in water)
how to start naming an acid
separate the ion from the H+ one, and look at the name of the ion you have
how to name an acid if the ion it forms after H⁺ separation, ends in “-ide”
hydro - (ion) - ic acid
“hydrochloric acid”
(chloride ion)
how to name an acid if the ion it forms after H⁺ separation, ends in “-ate”
(ion) - ic acid
“sulfuric acid”
(sulfate ion)
how to name an acid if the ion it forms after H⁺ separation, ends in “-ite”
(ion) - ous acid
“sulfurous acid”
(sulfite ion)
what are all 4 names for that wack compound
acetic acid
vinegar
CH₃COOH
HC₂H₃O₂
what 2 elements use the whole element name in an acid
sulfur & phosphorus
what makes up an organic compound
most C & H, also other nonmetals
3 types of organic hydrocarbons
alkanes, alkenes, alkynes
alkanes x 3
- single C bonds
- usually to 4 other atoms
- end names of comps w/ “-ane”
alkenes x 2
- 1+ double C bond
- end names of comps w/ “-ene’
alkynes x 2
- 1+ triple C bond
- end names of comps w/ “-yne”
Prefixes for organic comps, 1-10
meth- eth- prop- but- pent- 6-10 are same as for cov comps
what are the 3 forms you write organic comps in
- chemical formula
- condensed chem formula (structure form in letters & w/o bond lines ig)
- expanded-structure form (like how dr. white had you draw)
formula for alkane chem forms
CₙH₂ₙ₊₂
define cyclo-comps
organic comps w/ c-bonds arranged in a circle
formula for cyclo-comp chem forms
CₙH₂ₙ
Q. How to write chem form, expand-structure form, & condensed form for smth like propane
1) see propane prefix = “prop” = 3, so 3 C’s in the bond
2) see propane suffix = “ane” = alkane = single bonds from c
3) So for structure, put 3 C’s together in the bond, & connect them to each other, & enough H’s to fill the holes
4) Condensed: take each C & add up each H connected to it, to get bond (CH₃CH₂CH₃ in this case)
5) Chem form: just simplify the condensed form (so C₃H₈ here)
def Functional groups x 3
- aka “substituent” groups
- atom(s) replacing H in organic comp
- used to classify organic comps
Alcohol extra group & expanded structure
OH w/ C
…..H…..H
H–C—-C—OH
…..H…..H
ether extra group & expanded structure
O connected to C on both sides
CH₃CH₂ – O – CH₂CH₃
carbonyl extra group & expanded structure
C center, double bond w/ O
….O
…..||
—C—
aldehyde extra group & expanded structure
carbonyl C & 1+ H
………..O
…………||
H₃C—C—H
ketone extra group & expanded structure
carbonyl connected to 2 C atoms; no H
…….O
……..||
C—C—C
Carboxylic acid extra group & expanded structure
carbonyl + OH
….O
…..||
—C— OH
Ester extra group & expanded structure
carbonyl + ether
….O
…..||
—C—O–C
Amine extra group & expanded structure
has N
C - NH₂
what does 2-butene mean
the double bond is on the 2nd C in the chain of 5
