Chapter 4 Flashcards
define electrolyte
comp that dissolves & dissociates into ions when dissolved in H₂O
define nonelectrolyte x 2
- COV comp NOT dissociating into ions when dissolved
- don’t conduct electricity (?)
define strong electrolyte x 4
- 100% dissociation
- →
- ION comps dissolving in H₂O = strong
- AKA strong acid/base
define weak electrolyte x 4p
- partial dissociation
- ⇌
- equilibrium: forward react rate = reverse react rate
- AKA weak acid/base & reversible rxn
6 strong acids
- HCl
- HBr
- HI
- HNO₃
- H₂SO₄
- HClO₄
how to ID strong bases, exceptions
- soluble ion OH⁻ comps on solubility table
- exceptions = Ca, Sr, Ba
4 times when something is always soluble
- NO₃⁻
- C₂H₃O₂⁻
- NH₄⁺
- alkali metal ions
define arrhenius base
comp forming OH⁻ ions in a solution
write that freaking rxn for weak bases
NH₃ (aq) + H₂O (l) ⇌ NH₄⁺ (aq) + OH⁻ (aq)
write the neutralization rxn template
H⁺ acid + OH⁻ base ⇌ H₂O (l) + ion comp salt
ik this is a mess, but visualize the Cl part of NaCl dissolved in water
OO HHH HClH HHH OO
this is a mess but what is the Na part of NaCl dissolved in water?
HHHH OO Na OO HHHH
what is the charge on H and O in water?
±1δ
write out the precipitation rxn template
ion comp (aq) + ion comp (aq) → ion comp (aq) + ion comp (s)
what makes an ion less soluble
if it has a higher charge and attracts other ions
what makes a precipitate rxn not occur?
if both the products are (aq)
define molecular equation
regular chem equation
def complete ionic equation
ions existing separately & part of an (aq) comp are written separately w/ their charges
def spectator ions
remain separately written (separate or part of (aq) comp) before & after the rxn
def net ionic equation
complete ion equation written w/o spectator ions
what is H⁺ technically? x 2
- just a proton
- hydronium (H₃O⁺)
recipe for hydronium
H⁺(aq) + H₂O(l) → H₃O⁺(aq)
name & define the 3 -protic acids
- monoprotic = 1 H⁺ ions when dissolved
- diprotic = 2 H⁺ ions when dissolved
- polyprotic = 2+ H⁺ ions when dissolved
define hydroscopic
comp absorbing water vapor & dissolving itself with it!!
define dilution
adding water to concentrated solution or dry hydroscopic (ramen!!!)
units to answer M questions with on test
“x mol/L”
def oxidation
atoms lose e⁻
def reduction
atoms gain e⁻
oxidation charge of lone element
0
what happens in an oxidation-reduction rxn
atoms change charge
define O/R half-reaction
2 separate net ionic eqn’s for the reduction rxn and the oxidation rxn in the same chem rxn
how to show work for O/R ionic rxn on test
1) Write out each atom & charge of it below the eqn
2) write the half reactions pertaining to the O element & the R element
3) Balance the half-rxns so the amt of elements in them matches the amt in the OG chem eqn, and that the # of e⁻ matches the elements in the half-rxn
template for gas evolution rxn (just used to ID them on test so you can apply the 3 subtemplates
acid (aq) + ion comp (aq) or (s) → cov comp (g) + ion comp (aq) or (s)
H⁺ acid + (bi) carbonate →
CO₂ (g) + H₂O (l) + ion salt in GER
CO₂ (g) + H₂O (l) + ion salt are the products of
H⁺ acid + (bi) carbonate in GER
H⁺ acid + (bi) sulfite →
SO₂ (g) + H₂O (l) + ion salt in GER
SO₂ (g) + H₂O (l) + ion salt are the products of
H⁺ acid + (bi) sulfite in GER
H⁺ acid + S⁻² or HS⁻¹ →
H₂S (g) + ion salt in GER
H₂S (g) + ion salt are the products of
H⁺ acid + S⁻² or HS⁻¹ in GER
what is the main thing to remember with Redox rxns for cov comps
you assign oxidation #’s just to show where the e⁻ go; applies to cov comps & polyatomic ions w/ charges
O# rule for H & exception
has +1 O#
in Hydride w/ metal (LiH), O# = -1
O# rule for O & exception
has -2 O# in peroxide (H₂O₂) = -1
O# rule for polyatomic ions
charge on ion = sum of O#’s; find the mystery charge based off the other O charges of O, H, or fixed ion on PT
How to show work on test to find O#s of CO₂
1) write eqn solving for C O# (since you already know O = -2): O = -2, C = x
→ # C(x) + # O(-2) = overall charge of CO₂
2) Plug in: x + 2(-2) = 0
x = 4
so, C O# = +4
how to write O charges on test
as +x or -x
CANNOT leave it like 4, or just + if the charge is one; it’s +4 and +1. Same for minus
def O agent
the entire compound that got reduced and caused the other to get oxidized
def R agent
the entire compound that got oxidized and caused the other to get reduced
what type of rxn is a combustion
redox
template for combustion rxn
CₓH₄ + O₂ (g) → CO₂ (g) + H₂O (l) + heat
what type of rxn is displacement
redox
template for displacement rxn
neutral active metal (s) + acid → H₂ (g) + ion comp (aq)
def inactive metals
AKA “noble”; don’t react w/ acids & are below H on series table
how to use activity series chart & what it determines
higher up on series = more likely to kick H out of its place in the acid & form an ion comp w/ the ion there
def equivalence point
point in titration when acid’s mol H+ and base’s mol OH- are equal (strong & strong, weak & weak)
