Chapter Four Flashcards
Human Microbiome
Community of microbes inside the human body
Dysbiosis
Imbalances in the microbiome
Microbiota
Collection of organisms within a specific environment (such as the gut)
Microbiome
The genes, or genome, of a microbial community
Bacteria
The chief inhabitants of the microbiome - single celled microscopic organisms
Cocci
Round or spherical shaped bacteria
Bacilli
Rod-shaped bacteria
Spirilla
Spiral-shaped bacteria
Diplococci
Diplococci are cocci that exist in sets of two
Staphylococci
Clusters of cocci bacteria
Streptococci
Streptococci is chain form of cocci bacteria
Pathogen
Microorganism known to cause a disease
Portal of Entry
How a pathogen enters the body (ie: a break in the skin or the respiratory tract etc)
Micro
Microscopic or small
Fungi
Includes molds and yeasts
Mycobiome
A community of fungi
Archaea
Microscopic, single-celled organisms that, like bacteria, do not contain a nucleus.
Capsid
Protein shell that surrounds viral genetic material
Capsomeres
Individual structural units forming the viral capsid
Capsule
Gelatinous covering that keeps the bacterium from drying out
Envelope
Spikey lipid membrane surrounding some viruses
Gram Stain
Staining technique used to classify bacteria into one of two groups
Microbe
Microscopic organism, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi
Peptidoglycan
Substance in a bacterial cell wall; used to help identify bacteria as being gram negative or positive
Pili
Small, hair-like projections that allow bacteria to attach to other cells and surfaces
Plasmids
Small loops of bacterial DNA that allow DNA to be transferred from one bacterium to another
Prebiotic
Foods containing indigestible fibers that nourish and feed healthy bacteria in the gut
Probiotic
Supplement containing beneficial live bacteria taken to help seed the gut with health microbes
Virus
Ultramicroscopic pathogen consisting of a nucleic acid within a protein shell
What was the goal of the Human Microbiome Project?
A) To sequence the human genome
B) To identify disease-causing microorganisms
C) To identify microorganisms residing within and on healthy adults
D) To discover whether bacteria contain DNA
C) To identify microorganisms residing within and on healthy adults
The Human Microbiome Project discovered that healthy adults:
A) harbor more bacterial cells than they have human cells
B) harbor a signifigant number of bacterial cells but still have more human cells than bacterial cells
C) have no bacterials cells, confirming that bacteria cause disease
D) harbor very few bacterial cells
A) harbor more bacterial cells than they have human cells
What is the most significant step in microbiome development?
A) The introduction of solid food
B) Bottle feeding
C) Administration of immunizations
D) The birth process
D) The birth process
Which statement about the human microbiome is most accurate?
A) Every healthy adult carries a mix of microorganisms that is basically similar, except for a few minor variations
B) The components of the microbiome are basically the same from one part of the body to another
C) The componets of the microbiome vary considerably between sites on the body and between individuals
D) A healthy microbiome should be free from any disease-causing bacteria
C) The componets of the microbiome vary considerably between sites on the body and between individuals
Which statement about bacteria is most accurate?
A) Bacteria are microscopic cells that contain a nucleus and organelles
B) The one consistent feature among all bacterial species is the composition of the cell wall
C) Bacteria have the ability to transmit DNA from one bacterium to another
D) All bacteria have the same basic shape
C) Bacteria have the ability to transmit DNA from one bacterium to another
What effect do bacterial genes have on human health?
A) Bacterial genes exert some effect, although human DNA exerts a greater effect
B) Bacterial genes have just as great an influence on human health as human genes do
C) Bacteria within the microbiome stay within their own community; therefore, their genes do not influence health
D) Bacteria do not have genes
B) Bacterial genes have just as great an influence on human health as human genes do
Importance of the microbiome
Essential for normal body function:
-Digest food
-Absorb nutients
-Prime immune system
-Produce vitamins
-Play role in energy productions
-Guard against disease
-Influence mental health
Genetic Implications of Microbiome
22,000 Human Genes
vs
8,000,000 Microbial Genes
What purpose does the capsule serve in bacteria?
A) it gives the cell its shape
B) It regulates the flow of materials into and out of the cell
C) It synthesizes proteins
D) It helps ward off attack by larger microorganisms
D) It helps ward off attack by larger microorganisms
Which statement most accurately discribes viruses?
A) Viruses are not cells, but rather, bundles of genetic material surrounded by a protein shell
B) Viruses are single-celled mircroscopic organisms that inhabit almost every environment on earth
C) Viruses are often catagorized through Gram straining
D) Viruses have a cell wall that consists of peptidoglycan
A) Viruses are not cells, but rather, bundles of genetic material surrounded by a protein shell
All the other answers describe bacteria!
What is the most common way a person’s microbiome can become disrupted?
A) Acquistion of a bacterial infection
B) Acquisition of a viral infection
C) Injestion of alcohol
D) Use of broad-spectrum antibiotics
D) Use of broad-spectrum antibiotics
An excess of a specific bacteria can disrupt the composition of the microbiome, but, the most common way it is distrupted is through the use of broad spectrum antibiotics.
Imbalances in the microbiome have been linked to which of the following
A) Asthma
B) Heart Disease
C) Obesity
D) All of the Above
D) All the Above
Imbalances in the microbiome have been linked to a number of disorders, including asthma, hearth disease, and obesity.
Which technology has been shown to be effective in treating *c.Diff?
A) Lithotripsy
B) Kidney Transplant
C) Blood Transplant
D) Fecal Transplant
D) Fecal Transplant
A major breakthrough in the treatment of this serious infection occurred when researchers transplanted feces from a healthy individual into the intestines of paitents with c.Diff
