Bones Ch 7/8/9 Flashcards
How many bones in the body?
206
Flanges each fingers and toes, how many?
20
Bone Functions?
-Framework
-Electrolyte Balance
-Protection
-Blood Cell Production
-Acid-Base Balance
Appendicular
The appendages
Axial
The main center portion of skeleton
What does the skeletal framework provide?
Shape, support, and movement
What does the skeletal system do for electrolyte balance?
It stores calcium and phosphorus (stored in the bones)
What does the skeletal system do with blood cell production?
Helps encase red bone marrow, major site of blood cell formation
How many classifications of bones are there?
4 classifications
What is the tiniest bone in the body?
It 3mm long and found in the ear
Flat Bones
Thin, flat, often curved bones protect organs.
Includes: Skull, Ribs, Breastbone (sternum), Shoulder Blades (Scapulae)
Long Bones
These bones have a very long axis and are longer than they are wide.
Includes: Femur, Humerus
(work like levers to move limbs)
Short Bones
About as broad as they are long, tend to be shaped like cubes.
Includes: carpal bones, tarsal bones
Irregular Bones
Often clustered in groups, come in various sizes and shapes.
Includes: Vertebrae, Facial Bones.
Sesamoid Bones
Small bones that are imbedded in tendons
Kneecap is an example of this.
Epiphysis
The head of the each end of the long bone.
Made of porous-looking spongey bone.
Diaphysis
The central shaft portion of the bone.
Thick compact bone makes up the hollow cylinder giving the bone the strength it needs to support large amount of weight.
Articular Cartilage
Covers the surface of the epiphysis, thin layer of hyaline cartilage. This with lubricating fluid between bones, eases movement within a joint.
Medullary Cavity
The central hollow portion of the shaft
Endosteum
Inside of the medullary cavity is lined with a thin epithelial membrane
Red Bone Marrow
Produces blood cells
Yellow Bone Marrow
Rich in fat and stores energy
Periosteum
Dense fibrous membrane that covers the diaphysis.
Epiphyseal Plate
Growth Plate
Osteomyelitis
Inflammation of bone and marrow, usually the result of a bacterial infection.
usually require IV abx
Osseous Tissue
a type of connective tissue. Consists of cells fibers and extracellular material (matrix)
Osteoblasts
Help form bone by secreting substances that comprise the bones matrix
Osteoclasts
Dissolve unwanted or unhealthy bone
Osteocytes
Mature osteoblasts that have become entrapped in hardened bone matrix.
Have dual role:
Some dissolve bone
Some deposit new bone
Tensile Strength
Collagen fibers in the matrix make bone highly resistant to stretching forces
Compressional Strength
Calcium salts allow bones to resist (these) strong squeezing forces
Torsional Strength
Bone lacks the ability to endure twisting (this).
Heredity
Every individual inherits a set of genes that determines their maximum height potential
Nutrition
Children who are malnourished grow very slowly and may not reach their full height, regardless of their genetic potential. Nutrients needed are: calcium, phosphorus, vit D, C, A.
Hormones
Hormones that contribute to proper bone growth include growth hormone, thyroxine, parathyroid hormone, insulin, and the sex hormones estrogen and testosterone.
Exercise
Without adequate physical stress in the form of weight-bearing exercise (includes walking) bone distruction will outpace bone creation
Spongy Bone
Light and Porous, cancellous bone tissue found in the ends of long bones.
Compact Bone
Dense and solid, Density offers strength, which is why it forms the shafts of long bones and outer surfaces of other bones.
What is the latticework inside of the spongy or cancellous bone called?
Trabeculae
Inside of the compact ring, what are the concentric onion-like rings called?
Lamellae
What are the center canals called inside the lamellae?
Haversian or Osteonic canal
What is the basic structure called inside of the compact bone?
Osteon
What are the gaps in between the rings of the lamella called?
Lacunae
What are the microscopic passageways that connect the lamellae to each other called?
Canaliculi
Volkmann’s canals
These connect the haversian canals and transport blood and nutrients from the bones exterior to the osteocytes locked inside
Red Bone Marrow
Bone marrow that is charged with producing red blood cells. Nearly all of a child’s bones contain red bone marrow.
Yellow Bone Marrow
Red bone marrow eventually gets replaced with fatty yellow bone marrow. It no longer produces blood cells. How ever in cases of severe chronic blood loss or anemia, yellow marrow can change back to red bone marrow
Ossification
The process of cartilage and fibrous connective tissue evolving into bone. There are two types.
Intramembranous Ossification
The ossification of fibrous connection tissue begins when groups of stem cells in the tissue differentiate into osteoblasts.
Centers for Ossification
clusters of osteoblasts that deposit matrix material and collagen
Fontanel
Soft spots in the newborns skull
Endochondral Ossification
Begins in long bones, is when cartilage begins to harden into bone.
Where does bone lengthening occur?
The Epiphyseal Plate
Pathologic Fracture
Break in a diseased or weakened bone
Fx
Fracture
Spontaneous Fracture
Normal bone, no apparent force or trauma but it fractures. Child may have or elderly. Not common with daily activity.
Resorption
destroying old bone
ossification
depositing new bone
Remodeling
the process of resorption and ossification
Fracture
a break in the bone
Close Reduction
being able to manipulate the bones back into place without surgery
Open reduction
Using surgery to reposition the bones and using screws, pins, plates etc to stabilize
Condyle
Rounded knob, usually fits into a fossa on another bone to form a joint
Facet
A flat surface
Head
The prominent, expanded end of a bone
Crest
A moderately raised ridge
Epicondyle
A bump superior to a condyle
Process
A projection or raised area
Spine
A sharp, pointed process
Trochanter
A large process, found only on the femur
Tubercle
A small rounded process
Tuberosity
A rough raised bump, usually for muscle attachment
Fossa
A furrow or depression
Fovea
A small pit
Sulcus
Groove or elongated depression
Canal
A tunnel through a bone
Fissure
A long slit for blood vessels and nerves
Foramen
A round opening usually a passage way for vessels and nerves
Meatus
A tube like opening
Sinus
Cavity within a bone
Cranium
The bony structure that houses the brain
Parietal Bones
Two:
Join together at the top of the head to form the top and sides of cranial cavity
Occipital Bone
Forms the rear of the skull
Frontal Bone
Forms forehead and roof of the eye sockets
Temporal Bones (4):
External Auditory Meatus
Mastoid Process
Zygomatic Arch
Styloid Process
External Auditory Meatus
An opening into the ear
Mastoid Process
A prominent lump behind the ear
Zygomatic Arch
Cheekbone
Styloid Process
Attachment point for several neck muscles
Ethmoid Bone
Contributes to the walls of the orbits, the roof and walls of the nasal cavity, and nasal septum
Sphenoid Bone
Forms a key part of the cranial floor as well as the floor and side walls of the orbits
Sella Turcica
The indented area on top of the sphenoid bone, houses the pituitary gland
Cribriform Plate
Forms part of the roof of the nasal cavity
Coronal Suture
The joint between the parietal bones and the frontal bone
Lambdoid Suture
The line of articulation between the parietal bones and the occipital bone
Squamous Suture
Runs along the top edge of the temporal bone
Sagittal Suture
The joint between the right and left parietal bones
Foramina
Holes that allow the passage of nerves and blood vessels
Pelvic Girdle
Where legs connect to the body - the foundation of the pelvis
Os Coxae
Two large bones of the hip
Coxal Bone
Os Coxae
Innominate Bone
Os Coxae
Illium
Large flaring section you can feel under the skin
Ischium
Lower posterior portion
Pubis
Most anterior portion that joins w/ the other pubis at the symphysis pubis
Symphysis Pubis
A disc of cartilage that separates the two pubic bones
Sacroiliac Joint
Each os coxae articulates with the sacrum here
Iliac Crest
The upper outer edge of the ilium
Grater Sciatic Notch
Point through which the sciatic nerve passes on its path to the back of the thigh
Acetabulum
A depression that houses the head of the femur to form the “hip socket”
Ischial Spine
Projection into the pelvic cavity
Ischial Tuberosity
Supports your body when you’re sitting
Obturator Foramen
Large hole below the acetabulum thats closed by a ligament
Pelvis
Combination of os coxae and the sacrum
The pelvis is divided into two parts, what are they called?
The true (lesser) pelvis
The false (greater) pelvis
True Pelvis
Extends between what is know as the pelvic brim
Pelvic Outlet
is the lower edge of the true pelvis.
This is the passageway that an infant enters the world.
False Pelvis
Extends between the outer, flaring edges of the iliac bones
Femur
Longest and strongest bone in the body
Patella
Commonly known as the kneecap
Triangular sesamoid bone embedded in the tendon of the knee.
Fibula
Long and slender, resides next to the tibia and helps stabilize the ankle. Does not bear weight.
Tibia
One of two bones in leg, Only one that bears weight. Commonly called shinbone.
Tibial Tuberosity
Is palpated just below the patella.
Serves as the attachment point for the thigh muscles
Medial Malleolus
The bony knob you can palpate on your inner ankle
Phalanges
Form the toes
Hallux
The great toe (big toe) only contains two bones.
Proximal and Distal Phalanx.
How many bones do the other toes have? What are they called?
Three, Proximal, Middle, and Distal phalanx
Metatarsals
Numbered I through V
Beginning medially
Form the middle portion of the foot
Tarsal Bones
Comprise the ankle
Cuneiform
Distal row of tarsal bones has three of these
Cuboid
Part of the distal row, contains one of these
Talus
Second largest tarsal bone
The Tibia goes into this
Navicular
Part of the tarsal bones that comprise the ankle
Calcaneus
Forms the heel, bears much of the body’s weight.
Largest tarsal bone.
Maxillae
Consists of two bones, they meet and form the upper jaw.
Foundation of the face, every other facial bone except mandible is connected (articulates)
Zygomatic Bones
Two bones
These bones shape the cheeks and form the outer edge of the orbit
Mandible
One bone
This is the largest and strongest bone of the face. Articulates with temporal bone, at the temporomandibular joint, making it the only facial bone that can move.
Lacrimal Bones
Two Bones
These paper thin bones form part of the side wall of the orbit
Nasal Bones
Two bones
These rectangular bones form the bridge of the nose; the rest of the nose is shaped by cartilage
Inferior Nasal Conchae
Two Bones
The conchae bones (sing. concha) contribute to the nasal cavity
Vomer
One Bone
This small bone forms the inferior half of the nasal septum
Palatine Bones
Two Bones
These bones form the posterior portion of the hard palate, part of the wall of the nasal cavity, and the floor of the orbit.
Articulations
Points where bones meet
Arthrology
Study of joint structure, function, and dysfunction
Fibrous Joints
Also called synarthroses result when collagen fibers from one bone penetrate the adjacent bone, anchoring them in place
Synarthroses
Another name for Fibrous Joints
Cartilaginous Joints
Two bones joined by cartilage.
Also called Amphiarthroses
Amphiarthroses
Another name for Cartilaginous Joints
Symphysis
A pad of cartilage
EX: The the pubic portions of the os coxae are joined by a symphysis
Synovial Joints
Also called Diarthroses
Freely movable joints. Most numerous and versatile of all the body’s joints.
What are the structures that every synovial joint contains?
Joint capsule
Synovial membrane
Joint cavity
Synovial fluid
Articular cartilage
Ligaments
Diarthroses
another name for synovial joints
Joint Capsule
Extending from the periosteum of each of the articulating bones is a sheet of connective tissue that incloses the joint cavity
Synovial Membrane
Moist slippery membrane that lines the inside of the joint capsule, where it secretes synovial fluid
Joint Cavity
Small space between the bones allows for freedom of movement
Synovial Fluid
Slippery viscous fluid that has the consistency of egg whites.
lubricates the joint, nourishes the cartilage, and contains phagocytes to remove debris
Articular Cartilage
Thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the bones surface. Combines with synovial fluid, they permit friction free movement
Ligaments
Tough cords of connective tissue help bind the bones more firmly together
Bursa
Small sac filled with synovial fluid
Ball and Socket Joint
Ball shaped head fits into cup like socket of another bone to form this joint.
EX: Shoulder and Hip
Pivot Joint
A projection from one bone articulates with a ring shaped socket of another bone, allowing the bones to rotate or pivot.
EX: Radioulnar joint, Neck
Hinge Joint
Like a hinge on a door, only allow back and forth movement. The convex surface of one bone fits into a concave depression on another bone.
Ex: Elbow, Knee
Saddle Joint
Surfaces of both bones are shaped like the suface of a saddle, concave in one direction, allows bones to move back and forth and side to side but motion is limited.
Ex. Thumbs only
Condyloid Joint
Oval convex surface on one bone fits into a similarly shaped depression on another. Examples include articulation of the distal ends of the radius with carpal bones of the wrist, and joints at the base of the fingers
Gliding Joint
Two bone surfaces slide over eachother, surrounding ligaments limit the amount of movement, least mobile of synovial joints
ex: tarsal bones in ankle, carpal bones on wrist, articular process of vertebrae
Flexion
Involves bending a joint so as to decrease the angle of the joint
Extension
Involves straightening a joint, increasing the angle between the bones
Hyperextension
Extreme extension of a joint beyond its normally straight position
Dorsiflexion
Moving toes or foot upward
Plantar Flexion
Moving toes or foot downward
Abduction
Movement of a body part AWAY from the midline of the body
Adduction
Movement of a body part TOWARD the midline of the body
Circumduction
The distal end of an appendage, such as the arm or leg moving in a circle
Internal Rotation
When a bone spins TOWARD the bodys midline
External Rotation
When a bone spins AWAY from the body’s midline
Supination
Movement that turns the palm upward
Pronation
Movement that turns the palm downward
Inversion
Foot movement that turns the sole medially toward other foot
Eversion
Foot movement that turns the sole laterally away from the other foot
Protraction
Moves part forward
Retraction
Moves part backward
Humeroscapular Joint
Shoulder
Glenohumeral Joint
Shoulder
Humeroulnar Joint
Elbow
Humeroradial Joint
Elbow
Tibiofemoral Joint
Largest joint in body.
Knee
How many bursa in the knee?
13
