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Anatomy + Physiology 1 > Bones Ch 7/8/9 > Flashcards

Bones Ch 7/8/9 Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones in the body?

A

206

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2
Q

Flanges each fingers and toes, how many?

A

20

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3
Q

Bone Functions?

A

-Framework
-Electrolyte Balance
-Protection
-Blood Cell Production
-Acid-Base Balance

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4
Q

Appendicular

A

The appendages

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5
Q

Axial

A

The main center portion of skeleton

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6
Q

What does the skeletal framework provide?

A

Shape, support, and movement

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7
Q

What does the skeletal system do for electrolyte balance?

A

It stores calcium and phosphorus (stored in the bones)

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8
Q

What does the skeletal system do with blood cell production?

A

Helps encase red bone marrow, major site of blood cell formation

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9
Q

How many classifications of bones are there?

A

4 classifications

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10
Q

What is the tiniest bone in the body?

A

It 3mm long and found in the ear

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11
Q

Flat Bones

A

Thin, flat, often curved bones protect organs.
Includes: Skull, Ribs, Breastbone (sternum), Shoulder Blades (Scapulae)

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12
Q

Long Bones

A

These bones have a very long axis and are longer than they are wide.
Includes: Femur, Humerus
(work like levers to move limbs)

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13
Q

Short Bones

A

About as broad as they are long, tend to be shaped like cubes.
Includes: carpal bones, tarsal bones

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14
Q

Irregular Bones

A

Often clustered in groups, come in various sizes and shapes.
Includes: Vertebrae, Facial Bones.

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15
Q

Sesamoid Bones

A

Small bones that are imbedded in tendons
Kneecap is an example of this.

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16
Q

Epiphysis

A

The head of the each end of the long bone.
Made of porous-looking spongey bone.

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17
Q

Diaphysis

A

The central shaft portion of the bone.
Thick compact bone makes up the hollow cylinder giving the bone the strength it needs to support large amount of weight.

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18
Q

Articular Cartilage

A

Covers the surface of the epiphysis, thin layer of hyaline cartilage. This with lubricating fluid between bones, eases movement within a joint.

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19
Q

Medullary Cavity

A

The central hollow portion of the shaft

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20
Q

Endosteum

A

Inside of the medullary cavity is lined with a thin epithelial membrane

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21
Q

Red Bone Marrow

A

Produces blood cells

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22
Q

Yellow Bone Marrow

A

Rich in fat and stores energy

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23
Q

Periosteum

A

Dense fibrous membrane that covers the diaphysis.

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24
Q

Epiphyseal Plate

A

Growth Plate

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25
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

Inflammation of bone and marrow, usually the result of a bacterial infection.
usually require IV abx

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26
Q

Osseous Tissue

A

a type of connective tissue. Consists of cells fibers and extracellular material (matrix)

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27
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Help form bone by secreting substances that comprise the bones matrix

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28
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Dissolve unwanted or unhealthy bone

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29
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature osteoblasts that have become entrapped in hardened bone matrix.
Have dual role:
Some dissolve bone
Some deposit new bone

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30
Q

Tensile Strength

A

Collagen fibers in the matrix make bone highly resistant to stretching forces

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31
Q

Compressional Strength

A

Calcium salts allow bones to resist (these) strong squeezing forces

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32
Q

Torsional Strength

A

Bone lacks the ability to endure twisting (this).

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33
Q

Heredity

A

Every individual inherits a set of genes that determines their maximum height potential

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34
Q

Nutrition

A

Children who are malnourished grow very slowly and may not reach their full height, regardless of their genetic potential. Nutrients needed are: calcium, phosphorus, vit D, C, A.

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35
Q

Hormones

A

Hormones that contribute to proper bone growth include growth hormone, thyroxine, parathyroid hormone, insulin, and the sex hormones estrogen and testosterone.

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36
Q

Exercise

A

Without adequate physical stress in the form of weight-bearing exercise (includes walking) bone distruction will outpace bone creation

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37
Q

Spongy Bone

A

Light and Porous, cancellous bone tissue found in the ends of long bones.

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38
Q

Compact Bone

A

Dense and solid, Density offers strength, which is why it forms the shafts of long bones and outer surfaces of other bones.

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39
Q

What is the latticework inside of the spongy or cancellous bone called?

A

Trabeculae

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40
Q

Inside of the compact ring, what are the concentric onion-like rings called?

A

Lamellae

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41
Q

What are the center canals called inside the lamellae?

A

Haversian or Osteonic canal

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42
Q

What is the basic structure called inside of the compact bone?

A

Osteon

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43
Q

What are the gaps in between the rings of the lamella called?

A

Lacunae

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44
Q

What are the microscopic passageways that connect the lamellae to each other called?

A

Canaliculi

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45
Q

Volkmann’s canals

A

These connect the haversian canals and transport blood and nutrients from the bones exterior to the osteocytes locked inside

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46
Q

Red Bone Marrow

A

Bone marrow that is charged with producing red blood cells. Nearly all of a child’s bones contain red bone marrow.

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47
Q

Yellow Bone Marrow

A

Red bone marrow eventually gets replaced with fatty yellow bone marrow. It no longer produces blood cells. How ever in cases of severe chronic blood loss or anemia, yellow marrow can change back to red bone marrow

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48
Q

Ossification

A

The process of cartilage and fibrous connective tissue evolving into bone. There are two types.

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49
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

A

The ossification of fibrous connection tissue begins when groups of stem cells in the tissue differentiate into osteoblasts.

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50
Q

Centers for Ossification

A

clusters of osteoblasts that deposit matrix material and collagen

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51
Q

Fontanel

A

Soft spots in the newborns skull

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52
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A

Begins in long bones, is when cartilage begins to harden into bone.

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53
Q

Where does bone lengthening occur?

A

The Epiphyseal Plate

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54
Q

Pathologic Fracture

A

Break in a diseased or weakened bone

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55
Q

Fx

A

Fracture

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56
Q

Spontaneous Fracture

A

Normal bone, no apparent force or trauma but it fractures. Child may have or elderly. Not common with daily activity.

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57
Q

Resorption

A

destroying old bone

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58
Q

ossification

A

depositing new bone

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59
Q

Remodeling

A

the process of resorption and ossification

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60
Q

Fracture

A

a break in the bone

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61
Q

Close Reduction

A

being able to manipulate the bones back into place without surgery

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62
Q

Open reduction

A

Using surgery to reposition the bones and using screws, pins, plates etc to stabilize

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63
Q

Condyle

A

Rounded knob, usually fits into a fossa on another bone to form a joint

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64
Q

Facet

A

A flat surface

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65
Q

Head

A

The prominent, expanded end of a bone

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66
Q

Crest

A

A moderately raised ridge

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67
Q

Epicondyle

A

A bump superior to a condyle

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68
Q

Process

A

A projection or raised area

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69
Q

Spine

A

A sharp, pointed process

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70
Q

Trochanter

A

A large process, found only on the femur

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71
Q

Tubercle

A

A small rounded process

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72
Q

Tuberosity

A

A rough raised bump, usually for muscle attachment

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73
Q

Fossa

A

A furrow or depression

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74
Q

Fovea

A

A small pit

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75
Q

Sulcus

A

Groove or elongated depression

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76
Q

Canal

A

A tunnel through a bone

77
Q

Fissure

A

A long slit for blood vessels and nerves

78
Q

Foramen

A

A round opening usually a passage way for vessels and nerves

79
Q

Meatus

A

A tube like opening

80
Q

Sinus

A

Cavity within a bone

81
Q

Cranium

A

The bony structure that houses the brain

82
Q

Parietal Bones

A

Two:
Join together at the top of the head to form the top and sides of cranial cavity

83
Q

Occipital Bone

A

Forms the rear of the skull

84
Q

Frontal Bone

A

Forms forehead and roof of the eye sockets

85
Q

Temporal Bones (4):

A

External Auditory Meatus
Mastoid Process
Zygomatic Arch
Styloid Process

86
Q

External Auditory Meatus

A

An opening into the ear

87
Q

Mastoid Process

A

A prominent lump behind the ear

88
Q

Zygomatic Arch

A

Cheekbone

89
Q

Styloid Process

A

Attachment point for several neck muscles

90
Q

Ethmoid Bone

A

Contributes to the walls of the orbits, the roof and walls of the nasal cavity, and nasal septum

91
Q

Sphenoid Bone

A

Forms a key part of the cranial floor as well as the floor and side walls of the orbits

92
Q

Sella Turcica

A

The indented area on top of the sphenoid bone, houses the pituitary gland

93
Q

Cribriform Plate

A

Forms part of the roof of the nasal cavity

94
Q

Coronal Suture

A

The joint between the parietal bones and the frontal bone

95
Q

Lambdoid Suture

A

The line of articulation between the parietal bones and the occipital bone

96
Q

Squamous Suture

A

Runs along the top edge of the temporal bone

97
Q

Sagittal Suture

A

The joint between the right and left parietal bones

98
Q

Foramina

A

Holes that allow the passage of nerves and blood vessels

99
Q

Pelvic Girdle

A

Where legs connect to the body - the foundation of the pelvis

100
Q

Os Coxae

A

Two large bones of the hip

101
Q

Coxal Bone

A

Os Coxae

102
Q

Innominate Bone

A

Os Coxae

103
Q

Illium

A

Large flaring section you can feel under the skin

104
Q

Ischium

A

Lower posterior portion

105
Q

Pubis

A

Most anterior portion that joins w/ the other pubis at the symphysis pubis

106
Q

Symphysis Pubis

A

A disc of cartilage that separates the two pubic bones

107
Q

Sacroiliac Joint

A

Each os coxae articulates with the sacrum here

108
Q

Iliac Crest

A

The upper outer edge of the ilium

109
Q

Grater Sciatic Notch

A

Point through which the sciatic nerve passes on its path to the back of the thigh

110
Q

Acetabulum

A

A depression that houses the head of the femur to form the “hip socket”

111
Q

Ischial Spine

A

Projection into the pelvic cavity

112
Q

Ischial Tuberosity

A

Supports your body when you’re sitting

113
Q

Obturator Foramen

A

Large hole below the acetabulum thats closed by a ligament

114
Q

Pelvis

A

Combination of os coxae and the sacrum

115
Q

The pelvis is divided into two parts, what are they called?

A

The true (lesser) pelvis
The false (greater) pelvis

116
Q

True Pelvis

A

Extends between what is know as the pelvic brim

117
Q

Pelvic Outlet

A

is the lower edge of the true pelvis.
This is the passageway that an infant enters the world.

118
Q

False Pelvis

A

Extends between the outer, flaring edges of the iliac bones

119
Q

Femur

A

Longest and strongest bone in the body

120
Q

Patella

A

Commonly known as the kneecap
Triangular sesamoid bone embedded in the tendon of the knee.

121
Q

Fibula

A

Long and slender, resides next to the tibia and helps stabilize the ankle. Does not bear weight.

122
Q

Tibia

A

One of two bones in leg, Only one that bears weight. Commonly called shinbone.

123
Q

Tibial Tuberosity

A

Is palpated just below the patella.
Serves as the attachment point for the thigh muscles

124
Q

Medial Malleolus

A

The bony knob you can palpate on your inner ankle

125
Q

Phalanges

A

Form the toes

126
Q

Hallux

A

The great toe (big toe) only contains two bones.
Proximal and Distal Phalanx.

127
Q

How many bones do the other toes have? What are they called?

A

Three, Proximal, Middle, and Distal phalanx

128
Q

Metatarsals

A

Numbered I through V
Beginning medially
Form the middle portion of the foot

129
Q

Tarsal Bones

A

Comprise the ankle

130
Q

Cuneiform

A

Distal row of tarsal bones has three of these

131
Q

Cuboid

A

Part of the distal row, contains one of these

132
Q

Talus

A

Second largest tarsal bone
The Tibia goes into this

133
Q

Navicular

A

Part of the tarsal bones that comprise the ankle

134
Q

Calcaneus

A

Forms the heel, bears much of the body’s weight.
Largest tarsal bone.

135
Q

Maxillae

A

Consists of two bones, they meet and form the upper jaw.
Foundation of the face, every other facial bone except mandible is connected (articulates)

136
Q

Zygomatic Bones

A

Two bones
These bones shape the cheeks and form the outer edge of the orbit

137
Q

Mandible

A

One bone
This is the largest and strongest bone of the face. Articulates with temporal bone, at the temporomandibular joint, making it the only facial bone that can move.

138
Q

Lacrimal Bones

A

Two Bones
These paper thin bones form part of the side wall of the orbit

139
Q

Nasal Bones

A

Two bones
These rectangular bones form the bridge of the nose; the rest of the nose is shaped by cartilage

140
Q

Inferior Nasal Conchae

A

Two Bones
The conchae bones (sing. concha) contribute to the nasal cavity

141
Q

Vomer

A

One Bone
This small bone forms the inferior half of the nasal septum

142
Q

Palatine Bones

A

Two Bones
These bones form the posterior portion of the hard palate, part of the wall of the nasal cavity, and the floor of the orbit.

143
Q

Articulations

A

Points where bones meet

144
Q

Arthrology

A

Study of joint structure, function, and dysfunction

145
Q

Fibrous Joints

A

Also called synarthroses result when collagen fibers from one bone penetrate the adjacent bone, anchoring them in place

146
Q

Synarthroses

A

Another name for Fibrous Joints

147
Q

Cartilaginous Joints

A

Two bones joined by cartilage.
Also called Amphiarthroses

148
Q

Amphiarthroses

A

Another name for Cartilaginous Joints

149
Q

Symphysis

A

A pad of cartilage

EX: The the pubic portions of the os coxae are joined by a symphysis

150
Q

Synovial Joints

A

Also called Diarthroses
Freely movable joints. Most numerous and versatile of all the body’s joints.

151
Q

What are the structures that every synovial joint contains?

A

Joint capsule
Synovial membrane
Joint cavity
Synovial fluid
Articular cartilage
Ligaments

152
Q

Diarthroses

A

another name for synovial joints

153
Q

Joint Capsule

A

Extending from the periosteum of each of the articulating bones is a sheet of connective tissue that incloses the joint cavity

154
Q

Synovial Membrane

A

Moist slippery membrane that lines the inside of the joint capsule, where it secretes synovial fluid

155
Q

Joint Cavity

A

Small space between the bones allows for freedom of movement

156
Q

Synovial Fluid

A

Slippery viscous fluid that has the consistency of egg whites.
lubricates the joint, nourishes the cartilage, and contains phagocytes to remove debris

157
Q

Articular Cartilage

A

Thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the bones surface. Combines with synovial fluid, they permit friction free movement

158
Q

Ligaments

A

Tough cords of connective tissue help bind the bones more firmly together

159
Q

Bursa

A

Small sac filled with synovial fluid

160
Q

Ball and Socket Joint

A

Ball shaped head fits into cup like socket of another bone to form this joint.
EX: Shoulder and Hip

161
Q

Pivot Joint

A

A projection from one bone articulates with a ring shaped socket of another bone, allowing the bones to rotate or pivot.
EX: Radioulnar joint, Neck

162
Q

Hinge Joint

A

Like a hinge on a door, only allow back and forth movement. The convex surface of one bone fits into a concave depression on another bone.
Ex: Elbow, Knee

163
Q

Saddle Joint

A

Surfaces of both bones are shaped like the suface of a saddle, concave in one direction, allows bones to move back and forth and side to side but motion is limited.
Ex. Thumbs only

164
Q

Condyloid Joint

A

Oval convex surface on one bone fits into a similarly shaped depression on another. Examples include articulation of the distal ends of the radius with carpal bones of the wrist, and joints at the base of the fingers

165
Q

Gliding Joint

A

Two bone surfaces slide over eachother, surrounding ligaments limit the amount of movement, least mobile of synovial joints
ex: tarsal bones in ankle, carpal bones on wrist, articular process of vertebrae

166
Q

Flexion

A

Involves bending a joint so as to decrease the angle of the joint

167
Q

Extension

A

Involves straightening a joint, increasing the angle between the bones

168
Q

Hyperextension

A

Extreme extension of a joint beyond its normally straight position

169
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Moving toes or foot upward

170
Q

Plantar Flexion

A

Moving toes or foot downward

171
Q

Abduction

A

Movement of a body part AWAY from the midline of the body

172
Q

Adduction

A

Movement of a body part TOWARD the midline of the body

173
Q

Circumduction

A

The distal end of an appendage, such as the arm or leg moving in a circle

174
Q

Internal Rotation

A

When a bone spins TOWARD the bodys midline

175
Q

External Rotation

A

When a bone spins AWAY from the body’s midline

176
Q

Supination

A

Movement that turns the palm upward

177
Q

Pronation

A

Movement that turns the palm downward

178
Q

Inversion

A

Foot movement that turns the sole medially toward other foot

179
Q

Eversion

A

Foot movement that turns the sole laterally away from the other foot

180
Q

Protraction

A

Moves part forward

181
Q

Retraction

A

Moves part backward

182
Q

Humeroscapular Joint

A

Shoulder

183
Q

Glenohumeral Joint

A

Shoulder

184
Q

Humeroulnar Joint

A

Elbow

185
Q

Humeroradial Joint

A

Elbow

186
Q

Tibiofemoral Joint

A

Largest joint in body.
Knee

187
Q

How many bursa in the knee?

A

13

188
Q
A

Anatomy + Physiology 1 (9 decks)

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