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Anatomy + Physiology 1 > ch 11 > Flashcards

ch 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous System Content

A

Consists of:
Brain
Spinal Cord
Nerves

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2
Q

Endocrine System

A

Employs chemical messengers called hormones to communicate with cells

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3
Q

Nervous System

A

Uses electrical signals to transmit messages at lightning speed

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4
Q

What roles does the nervous system have?

A

-Sensing
-Integrating
-Responding

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5
Q

Nervous system’s two main divisions?

A

-Central Nervous System
-Peripheral Nervous System

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6
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Consists of:
Brain
Spinal Cord

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7
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

The vast network of nerves throughout the body
-sensory (afferent) division
-Motor (efferent) division

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8
Q

Afferent

A

Sensory

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9
Q

Efferent

A

Motor

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10
Q

Somatic Sensory

A

Carries signals from skin, bones, joints, and muscles

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11
Q

Visceral Sensory

A

Carries signals from viscera of heart, lungs, stomach, and bladder

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12
Q

Somatic Motor

A

Allows voluntary movements of skeletal muscles

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13
Q

Autonomic Motor

A

Provides “automatic” activities like control of blood pressure or heart rate

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14
Q

Sympathetic Division

A

Arouses the body for action

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15
Q

Parasympathetic Division

A

Has a calming effect

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16
Q

What are the two types of cells that make up the nervous system?

A

Neurons and neuroglia

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17
Q

Glial Cells

A

Another name for Neuroglia
These are the supportive cells of the nervous system.

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18
Q

About how many glial cells are there for each neuron?

A

50 glial cells for each neuron

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19
Q

What are the 5 major types of glial cells?

A

Oligodendrocytes
Ependymal Cells
Microglia
Astrocytes
Schwann Cells

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20
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Form myelin sheath in the brain and spinal cord; speed signal conduction

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21
Q

Ependymal Cells

A

Line spinal cord and cavities of the brain; some secrete cerebrospinal fluid; whereas others have cilia that aid in fluid circulation

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22
Q

Microglia

A

Perform phagocytosis, engulfing microorganisms and cellular debris

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23
Q

Astrocytes

A

Extend through brain tissue; nourish neurons, help form blood-brain barrier, attach neurons to blood vessels, provide structural support

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24
Q

Schwann Cells

A

Form myelin sheath around nerves in PNS; form neurilemma

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25
Q

Neurons

A

Handle the nervous system’s role of communication

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26
Q

What are the three classes for neurons?

A

Sensory
Interneurons
Motor

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27
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

Detect stimuli, like touch pressure heat cold or chemicals, and then transmit information about the stimuli to the CNS

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28
Q

Interneurons

A

(found only in CNS)
Connect the incoming sensory pathways with the outgoing motor pathways. Besides receiving, processing, and storing information, the connections made by these neurons make each of us unique in how we think feel and act

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29
Q

Motor Neurons

A

Relay messages from the brain (which the brain emits in response to stimuli) to the muscle or gland cells

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30
Q

Types of neurons

A

Multipolar
Bipolar
Unipolar

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31
Q

Multipolar

A
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32
Q

Bipolar

A
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33
Q

Unipolar

A
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34
Q

Three basic structures in a neuron?

A

Cell Body
Axon
Dendrite

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35
Q

Cell Body

A

Also called soma
Its the control center of the neuron and contains the nucleus

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36
Q

Dendrites

A

Look like bare branches of a tree, recieve signals from other neurons and conduct the information to the cell body.

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37
Q

Axon

A
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38
Q

Myelin Sheath

A
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39
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A
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40
Q

Synaptic Knob

A
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41
Q

What is the longest axon in the body?

A

The sciatic nerve

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42
Q

Cauda Equina

A

Extends from the end of the spinal cord, is a bundle of nerve roots that looks like a horse tail

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43
Q

Grey Matter

A

Appears grey because of lack of myelin
Contains mostly the cells bodies of motor neurons and interneurons. H-shaped mass is divided into two sets of horns, Posterior horns (dorsal) and Ventral Horns (anterior)

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44
Q

White Matter

A

Appears white because of its abundance of myelin. Contains bundles of axons (called tracts) that carry impulses from one part of the nervous system to another.

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45
Q

Epidural Space

A

Small space between that lies between the outer covering of the spinal cord and the vertebrae, it contains cushioning layer of fat as well as blood vessels and connective tissue.

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46
Q

Central Canal

A

A minute opening that carries cerebrospinal fluid through the spinal cord

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47
Q

Dorsal Nerve Root

A

Contains fibers that carry sensory information into the spinal cord. It enters the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.

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48
Q

Ganglion

A

Cell bodies of the dorsal neurons are clustered in a knot like structure

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49
Q

Spinal Nerve

A

A single nerve resulting from the fusion of the dorsal and ventral nerve roots. The nerve contains both sensory and motor fibers. It is called a mixed nerve.

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50
Q

Ventral Nerve Root

A

Exit from the ventral horn to carry motor information out of the spinal cord

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51
Q

Pia Mater

A

The innermost layer, transparent membrane that clings to the outer surface of the brain and spinal cord. It also contains blood vessels.

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52
Q

Subarachnoid Space

A

Lies between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater. It is filled with cerebrospinal fluid.

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53
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

A delicate layer resembling a cobweb, lies between dura mater and the pia mater

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54
Q

Dura Mater

A

Tough outer layer

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55
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves?

A

31 pairs

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56
Q

Cervical Plexus

A

Contains nerves that supply the muscles and skin of the neck,tops of shoulders, and part of the head.

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57
Q

Phrenic Nerve

A

Stimulates the diaphragm for breathing

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58
Q

Brachial Plexus

A

Innervates the lower part of the shoulder and the arm.

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59
Q

Axillary Nerve

A

Passes close to the armpit which makes it susceptible to damage from the use of crutches

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60
Q

What other notable nerves are included in Brachial Plexus?

A

Radial Nerve
Ulnar Nerve
Median Nerve

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61
Q

Lumbar Plexus

A

Derived from the fibers of the first four lumbar vertebrae, supplies the thigh and leg. (Femoral nerve is here)

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62
Q

Sacral Plexus

A

Formed from fibers from nerves L4 L5 and S1 through S4. Sciatic nerve is located in here and is the largest nerve in the body

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63
Q

Dermatome

A

Each spinal nerve innervates a specific area of the skin

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64
Q

Reflex Arc

A

Reflexes employ a neural circuit which bypasses regions of the brain where conscious decisions are made.

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65
Q

Somatic Reflexes

A

Involve the contraction of a skeletal muscle after being stimulated by a somatic motor neuron.

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66
Q

Babinski Sign

A

Normal in infants up to 18m, in adults this happens if there is damage to primary motor cortex or corticospinal tract.
Big toe will dorsiflex and smaller toes will fan outward.

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67
Q

Cerebrum

A

Largest portion of the brain.

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68
Q

Gyri / Gyrus

A

Thick ridges on the surface of the cerebrum

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69
Q

Sulci/ sulcus

A

Shallow grooves on the surface of the cerebrum that divide the gyri - deep sulci are called fissures

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70
Q

Diencephalon

A

Sits between the cerebrum and the midbrain

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71
Q

Cerebellum

A

Second largest region of the brain. Contains more neurons than the rest of the brain combined.

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72
Q

Brain stem

A

Makes up the rest of the brain
Consists of these structures:
- Midbrain
- Pons
- Medulla Oblongata

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73
Q

Decussation

A

When tracts cross over to the opposite side of the body L brain to R side body

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74
Q

Longitudinal Fissure

A

Divides the cerebrum into right and left cerebral hemispheres.

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75
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Thick bundle of nerves that run along the bottom of the fissure and serves to connect the two hemispheres

76
Q

Cortex

A

Gray matter covers the cerebrum and cerebellum in a layer (on outside)

77
Q

Nuclei

A

Under the cortex is white matter that contains bundles of axons that connect one part of the brain to another (on inside of brain)

78
Q

What are the Meninges of the brain?

A

They are Dura matter
Arachnoid mater
pia mater

79
Q

Dura Mater

A

Consists of two layers;
Outer later is attached to the inner surface of the skull
inner layer forms the outer covering of the brain and continues as the dura mater of the spinal cord

80
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

The middle layer of the brain meninges

81
Q

Pia Mater

A

Inner most layer of brain meninges, clings tightly to the surface of the brain

82
Q

Dural sinuses

A

These sinuses collect blood that has passed through the brain and is on the way back to the heart

83
Q

Subdural Space

A

Separates the dura from the arachnoid mater

84
Q

Subarachnoid Space

A

Separates the arachnoid mater from the pia mater

85
Q

Ventricles

A

Four chambers in the brain are called this

86
Q

Lateral Ventricles

A

Two, one on left and one on right, arch through the cerebral hemispheres

87
Q

Third Ventricle

A

Each lateral ventricle connects to this

88
Q

Fourth Ventricle

A

This space narrows to form the central canal which extends through the spinal cord

89
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

CSF Clear colorless fluid that fills the ventricles and central canal; also bathes the outside of the brain and spinal cord

90
Q

Choroid Plexus

A

CSF is formed from blood here. (network of blood vessels lining the floor or wall of each ventricle)

91
Q

Three centers in the Medulla Oblongata?

A

Cardiac Center
Vasomotor center
Respiratory Centers (two)

92
Q

Brain Stem is made up of what parts?

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla Oblongata

93
Q

Midbrain

A

Contains tracts that relay sensory and motor impulses. Also contains centers for auditory and visual reflexes as well as clusters of neurons integral to muscle control

94
Q

Pons

A

Contains tracts that convey signals to and from different parts of the brain. Several cranial nerves arise from this area; they are 5-8

95
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Attaches the brain to the spinal cord. Besides relaying sensory and motor signals between the brain and spinal cord, the medulla contains nuclei that perform functions vital to human life.

96
Q

What is the function of the cardiac center?

A

Regulates heart rate

97
Q

What is the function of the vasomotor center?

A

Controls blood vessel diameter which in turn affects blood pressure

98
Q

What is the function of the respiratory centers?

A

They regulate breathing

99
Q

What part of the brain has more neurons than the rest of the brain combined?

A

The Cerebellum

100
Q

Blood-Brain Barrier

A

Serves to restrict what substances can pass from the bloodstream into the tissue fluid of the brain.

101
Q

Diencephalon

A

A region deep inside the brain consisting of several structures

102
Q

What are the structures in the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus

103
Q

Thalamus

A

Resides on top of the brain stem, acts as a gateway for nearly every sensory impulse traveling to the cerebral cortex. The thalamus processes and filters these impulses, transmitting some, but not all to the cerebral coretex.

104
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Small
Controls the autonomic nervous system
Contains centers responsible for hunger, thirst, and temperature regulation
Controls the pituitary gland
Involved in multiple emotional responses including fear anger pleasure and aggression

105
Q

Cerebrum

A

Largest portion of the brain
Consists of 5 lobes
Frontal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Occipital Lobe
Insula

106
Q

Insula

A

Hidden behind the lateral sulcus
Plays a role in many functions, including perception of pain, basic emotions, addiction, motor control, self-awareness, and cognitive functioning

107
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Concerned with analyzing and interpreting visual information

108
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Central Sulcus forms the anterior boundary

Concerned with receiving and interpreting bodily sensations, also governs proprioception

109
Q

Frontal Lobe

A
110
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Separated front he parietal Lobe by the lateral sulcus

Governs hearing smell learning memory emotional behavior and visual recogition

111
Q

White Matter (cerebrum)

A

The bulk of the cerebrum
Consists of myelinated nerve fibers called tracts.

112
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

The bridge between each hemisphere - allows the brains two hemispheres to communicate with each other

113
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Surface of the cerebrum, Consists of a thin layer of gray matter

114
Q

Basal Nuclui

A

Masses of gray matter

115
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Lie deep within the cerebrum

116
Q

Limbic System

A

Sometimes called “the emotional brain”
The seat of emotion and learning
Formed out of two key structures:
Hippocampus
Amygdala

117
Q

Hippocampus

A

Charged with converting short-term memory into long-term memory, making it crucial for memory and learning

118
Q

Amygdala

A

Two almond-shamed masses of neurons, located on each side of thalamus

Deals with emotions such as anger, jealousy, and fear.
Stores and can recall emotions from past events.

119
Q

Motor Association Area

A

Determine which movements are required to perform a specific task, then sends the appropriate signals to the pre central gyrus

120
Q

Precentral Gyrus

A

Send impulses through the motor tracts in the brain stem and spinal cord. The impulses travel to the skeletal muscles and movement occur.

121
Q

Postcentral Gyrus

A

The primary somatic sensory area of the brain.

Receives the impulses of heat, cold, touch from receptors all over the body

122
Q

Somatic Sensory Association Area

A

This area allows us to pinpoint the location of pain, identify a texture, and be aware of how our limbs are positioned

123
Q

Written words stimulate what?

A

Primary Visual Cortex

124
Q

What translates written words into a form that can be spoken?

A

The Angular Gyrus

125
Q

What is housed in the left temporal lobe and formulates the words into phrases that comply with learned grammatical rules?

A

Wernicke’s Area

126
Q

What is located in the left frontal lobe, and plans the muscle movements required of the larynx, tongue, cheeks, and lips to form the words, and then sends the appropriate impulses to the primary motor cortex?

A

Broca’s Area

127
Q

What sends impulses to the muscles necessary to pronounce the word?

A

The Primary Motor Cortex

128
Q

Short term memory

A

Information that is stored briefly

129
Q

Long Term Memory

A

Information that is stored for days or years.

130
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

The ability of the brain to change its actual physical structure

131
Q

Olfactory Association Area

A

Interprets the sense of smell

132
Q

Primary gustatory complex

A

Handles the interpretation and sensation of taste

133
Q

Visual Association Area

A

Interprets the information acquired through the primary visual cortex. Allows you to recognize familiar objects.

134
Q

Primary Visual Cortex

A

Responsible for sight. Governs the recognition of size, color, light, motion, and dimension.

135
Q

Auditory Association Area

A

Gives the ability to recognize familiar sounds, including a person’s voice or the name of a song.

136
Q

Primary auditory complex

A

Responsible for hearing

137
Q

REM

A

Rapid Eye Movement which is associated with active dreaming

138
Q

NREM

A

Non-rapid eye movement

139
Q

What does the left side of the brain do?

A

Motor control of R side of body
Sequential processing
Language
Analytical Thought
Logical
Concrete
Science and Math

140
Q

What does the right side of the brain do?

A

Motor control of the L side of body
Simultaneous processing
“big picture”
Creativity
Emotion
Imagination
Art and Music

141
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

A

12 pairs

142
Q

What are the 12 pairs of cranial nerves?

A

Olfactory
Optic
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens
Facial
Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Accessory
Hypoglossal

143
Q

Olfactory Nerve (sensory)

A
  • Governs sense of smell
  • Terminates in olfactory bulbs in the cribriform plate, just above the nasal cavity
  • Impairment results in an impaired sense of smell (which may be linked to loss of taste)

To test: ask person to smell coffee or vanilla

144
Q

Facial Nerve (mixed)

A

Sensory portion: concerned with taste
Motor portion: controls facial expression and secretion of tears and saliva

Damage causes sagging of facial muscles and a distorted sense of taste

To test: check sense of taste on anterior two-thirds of tongue, test ability to smile, frown, whistle, and raise eyebrows.

145
Q

Vestibulocochlear Nerve (sensory)

A

Concerned with hearing and balance

Damage results in deafness, dizziness, nausea, and loss of balance

To test: hearing, balance, and ability to walk a straight line.

146
Q

Vagus Nerve (mixed)

A

Longest and most widely distributed cranial nerve

Supplies organs in the head and neck as well as those in the thoracic and abdominal cavities

Plays key role in many heart, lung, digestive, and urinary functions

Damage causes hoarseness or loss of voice and impaired swallowing; damage to both vagus nerves can be fatal

To test: perform same tests as cranial nerve IX (glossopharyngeal)

147
Q

Optic Nerve (sensory)

A

Concerned with vision

Links the retina to brains visual cortex

Damage causes blindness in part or all of the visual field.

To test: check visual acuity and peripheral vision

148
Q

Oculomotor, Trochlear, and Abducens Nerves (mainly motor)

A

regulate voluntary movements of the eyelid and eyeball; oculomotor also controls pupil constriction

Damage can cause drooping eyelid, dilated pupil (oculomotor only), inability to move eye in some directions, double vision

To test: inspect size, shape, and reaction of pupils; check eye movements and ability to follow moving object

149
Q

Trigeminal Nerve (two sensory and one mixed branch)

A

Sensory branches (ophtalmic and maxillary) sense touch, temperature, and pain on the eye, face and teeth; mixed branch (mandibular) controls chewing and detects sensations in the lower jaw

Ophthalmic branch triggers the corneal reflex: blinking in response to a touch on the eyeball.

Damage to the sensory branches causes loss of sensation in upper face, damage to mixed branch results in impaired chewing and loss of sensation in jaw

To test: Lightly touch eyeball with cotton swab to check corneal reflex; evaluate sense of touch, pain, and temperature with pin as well as hot and cold objects; evaluate ability to open mouth and move jaw side to side.

150
Q

Glossopharyngeal Nerve (mixed)

A

Motor fibers govern tongue movements, swallowing, and gagging

Sensory fibers handle taste, touch, and temperature from tongue; also concerned with regulation of blood pressure

Damage causes impaired swallowing, choking, and bitter or sour taste

To test: test gag reflex, swallowing, and coughing; check taste on the posterior one-third of the tongue

151
Q

Hypoglossal Nerve (mainly motor)

A

Controls tongue movements

Damage causes impaired speech and swallowing as well as deviation of tongue toward injured side

To test: check for tongue deviation when tongue is protruded

152
Q

Spinal Accessory Nerve (mainly motor)

A

Controls movement in the head, neck, and shoulders

Damage impairs movement of the head, neck, and shoulders

To test: check ability to rotate head and shrug shoulders against resistance

153
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A

Subdivision of the nervous system responsible for regulating the activites that maintain homeostasis.

154
Q

Autonomously

A

Independently

155
Q

VIsceral Motor System

A

Targets organs
Sends motor impulses to cardiac muscle, glands, and smooth muscle

156
Q

Visceral Reflexes

A

Reflexes that affect organs

157
Q

Visceral Reflex Arc

A

1) Receptors detect a change in body conditions
2) Afferent neurons transmit information about this change to the CNS
3) The brain processes this information and transmits a signal along an efferent nerve
4) The effector organ receives the message and responds

158
Q

What are some of the differences between the Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems?

A

Somatic:
-Innervates skeletal muscle
-consists of one nerve fiber leading from cns to target
-secretes neurotransmitter acetylcholine
-has an excitatory effect on target cells
-operates under voluntary control
——-
Autonomic:
-Innervates glands, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle
-consists of two nerve fibers that synapse at a ganglion before reaching target
-secretes both acetylcholine and norepinephrine as neurotransmitters
-may excite or inhibit target cells
-operates involuntarily

159
Q

Somatic

A

-Innervates skeletal muscle
-consists of one nerve fiber leading from cns to target
-secretes neurotransmitter acetylcholine
-has an excitatory effect on target cells
-operates under voluntary control

160
Q

Lack of sleep can cause:

A

Hypertension
Depression
Obesity
Cardiovascular Disease
Dementia

161
Q

Autonomic

A

-Innervates glands, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle
-consists of two nerve fibers that synapse at a ganglion before reaching target
-secretes both acetylcholine and norepinephrine as neurotransmitters
-may excite or inhibit target cells
-operates involuntarily

162
Q

How many divisions are there in the ANS?

A

Two -
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

163
Q

Sympathetic Division

A
  • Increases alertness
  • Increases heart rate
  • Dilates bronchial tubes to increase air in lungs
  • Dilates blood vessels of skeletal muscles to increase blood flow
  • inhibits intestinal motility
  • stimulates secretion of thick salivary mucus
  • stimulates sweat glands
  • stimulates adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine
  • has no effect on urinary bladder or internal sphincter

Causes Fight or Flight response

164
Q

Parasympathetic Division

A
  • Has calming effect
  • decreases heart rate
  • constricts bronchial tubes to decrease air flow in lungs
  • has no effect on blood vessels of skeletal muscles
  • stimulates intestinal motility and secretion to promote digestion
  • Stimulates secretion of thin salivary mucus
  • has no effect on sweat glands
  • has no effect on adrenal medulla
  • stimulates the bladder wall to contract and the internal sphincter to relax to cause urination
  • causes the resting and digesting state
165
Q

Autonomic Tone

A

when the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS work at the same time

166
Q

Thoracolumbar Division

A

Also called Sympathetic division

167
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

Triangular shaped glands perched on the tops of each kidney
They play a role in the function of the sympathetic nervous system

168
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

Sympathetic preganglionic fibers pass through the outer cortex of the adrenal gland and terminate in the center.

169
Q

What hormones does the adrenal medulla secrete when stimulated?

A

Epinephrine and small amounts of norepinephrine

170
Q

Craniosacral Division

A

Another name for the parasympathetic division

171
Q

What are the two different neurotransmitters that the ANS employs?

A

Acetylcholine and Norepinephrine

172
Q

What are fibers that secrete acetylcholine called?

A

Cholinergic Fibers

173
Q

What are fibers that secrete norepinephrine (sometimes called noradrenaline)?

A

Adrenergic Fibers

174
Q

Cholinergic Fibers

A
  • Include the preganglionic fibers of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
  • include the post ganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division
  • Secrete acetylcholine
175
Q

Adrenergic Fibers

A
  • include most. (But not all) of the postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division
  • secrete norepinephrine
176
Q

What receptors are there for acetylcholine?

A

Nicotinic and Muscarinic receptors

177
Q

Nicotinic Receptors

A
  • These receptors occur within the ganglia of the ANS, in the adrenal medulla, and in the neuromuscular junction
  • all cells with Nicotinic receptors are excited by ACh
178
Q

Muscarinic Receptors

A
  • these receptors occur on the glands, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle cells of the organs innervated by Cholinergic fibers
  • cells with muscarinic receptors exhibit a variable response to ACh: some are excited and some are inhibited
  • this variable response allows ACh to stimulate intestinal smooth muscle while inhibiting cardiac muscle
179
Q

Adrenergic Receptors

A

Two basic types of receptors:
Alpha Adrenergic receptors
Beta Adrenergic receptors

180
Q

What cells are excited by NE

A

Cells with Alpha Adrenergic receptors

181
Q

What cells are inhibited by NE

A

Cells with beta Adrenergic receptors

182
Q

Action Potential

A

Nerve Impulse

183
Q

Afferent Neuron

A

Sensory nerve that carries impulses toward the central nervous system

184
Q

Corticospinal Tracts

A

Spinal tracts that are responsible for fine movements of hands, fingers, feet, and toes on the opposite side of the body; also called pyramidal tracts

185
Q

Spinothalamic Tract

A

Spinal tract that relays sensations of temperature, pressure, pain, and touch

186
Q

Spinocerebellar Tract

A

Spinal tract responsible for proprioception

187
Q

Salatory Conduction

A

Conduction of nerve impulses along myelinated axons from one node of Ranvier to the next

Anatomy + Physiology 1 (9 decks)

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