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Biology > Chapter B3- infection and response > Flashcards

Chapter B3- infection and response Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A microorganism that causes disease

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2
Q

Vectors are organisms that spread disease

Give one way that vectors can be stopped from passing on diseases

A

By destroying their habitats and using insecticides

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3
Q

Give one other way that humans can help prevent the spread of disease

A

By being hygienic (washing hands)

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4
Q

Symptoms of salmonella food poisoning include fever and vomiting. What substances are produced by salmonella bacteria that cause these symptoms?

A

Toxins

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5
Q

Give two ways that somebody could get salmonella food poisoning

A

By an infected animal when it was alive

By food being exposed to the bacteria (dirty kitchens)

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6
Q

Why is it important to vaccinate poultry against the salmonella disease?

A

This prevents the spread of salmonella between people, meaning that less people will be exposed to the bacteria

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7
Q

How is gonorrhoea spread from person to person?

A

Through sexual contact

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8
Q

State two symptoms of gonorrhoea in women

A

Thick green or yellow discharge

Pain when urinating

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9
Q

Name the antibiotic that was previously used to treat people infected with gonorrhoea

A

Penicillin

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10
Q

Why can’t penicillin be used to effectively treat gonorrhoea?

A

There are new strains of the bacteria that are resistant to penicillin

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11
Q

Name one barrier contraceptive that prevents the spread of gonorrhoea

A

Condoms

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12
Q

What are the symptoms of measles?

A

Fever

Red skin rash

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13
Q

What can be given to prevent someone from developing measles?

A

A vaccination

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14
Q

Name one species of plant that can be attacked by the tobacco mosaic virus

A

Tomato plant

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15
Q

How can you tell if a plant has tobacco mosaic virus?

A

The leaves will have discoloured patches which look mosaic

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16
Q

What type of drug can be used to control HIV?

A

Antiretroviral drugs

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17
Q

What system in the body does HIV attack?

A

The immune system

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18
Q

Describe how viruses such as HIV cause cell damgage

A

Viruses invade cells, and eventually burst the cell, releasing the virus into the body

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19
Q

What is malaria cause by?

A

A protist

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20
Q

What are mosquitos examples of?

A

Vectors (carriers of the pathogens)

21
Q

What disease are roses vulnerable to?

A

Rose black spot

22
Q

Give one way that rose black spot can be spread

A

Through the wind or in water

23
Q

Describe how rose black spot can be treated and stopped from spreading

A

Fungicides can be used, or the diseased leaves can be cleared and destroyed

24
Q

Some white blood cells engulf and digest pathogens. What is this process called?

A

Phagocytosis

25
Q

What are the body’s defences against pathogens entering the body?

A

The skin
Hydrochloric acid in the stomach
Mucus
Cilia

26
Q

Why are people given vaccinations?

A

To stop them from getting ill in the future

27
Q

What is usually injected into the body during a vaccination?

A

Dead or inactive pathogens

28
Q

How should a persons white blood cells respond to a vaccination?

A

They should produce antibodies to destroy the pathogen

29
Q

What are the two stages in developing drugs?

A

Preclinical testing and clinical testing

30
Q

During preclinical testing, scientists test a drug to find out whether it worked. Give two more things that the drug is tested for during preclinical testing

A

The three things tested are:

It’s efficacy
The dosage
Its toxicity

31
Q

What is a placebo?

A

A fake drug that looks like the real drug, but doesn’t do anything

32
Q

Explain why some patients are given the drug and others are given the placebo?

A

To avoid false claims, and so the end results are more accurate

33
Q

In a double blind trial what happens?

A

Neither the patient or doctor knows who has the real drug or placebo

34
Q

What is a virus?

A

A small part of DNA in protein coat that replicates inside cells

35
Q

What is bacteria?

A

A small organism that replicates very quickly

36
Q

What is a protist?

A

They are not animals, plants or fungi. They are very small organisms

37
Q

What is fungi?

A

A small microorganism. E.g. a mushroom

38
Q

How can diseases be spread in plants?

A

Through the water and the air

39
Q

How can diseases be spread in animals?

A

Through their faeces, urine, skim and water

40
Q

How do bacteria reproduce inside the body?

A

They can divide many times and reproduce very quickly

41
Q

How do viruses reproduce inside the body?

A

They invade cells, copy themselves and then burst them releasing the virus into the body

42
Q

How can a virus make a person feel ill?

A

They burst cells, meaning they are causing cell death. This makes a person feel ill

43
Q

What is measles?

A

Measles is caused by a highly infectious virus, the symptoms are a rash and fever

44
Q

What is HIV?

A

It is a sexually transmitted disease that is a virus. The real name is human immuno deficiency virus

45
Q

What is malaria?

A

Caused by a parasite called plasmodium which is spread in the blood and mosquito bites

46
Q

How does the skin help to protect the body?

A

It is a physical barrier protecting the body

47
Q

Where does aspirin come from?

A

Willow bark

48
Q

Where does penicillin come from?

A

Mould

Biology (10 decks)

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