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Biology > B6- Inheritance, Variation And Evolution > Flashcards

B6- Inheritance, Variation And Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is the DNA found?

A

In the nucleus in animal and plant cells

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2
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

The structures that contain DNA

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3
Q

Describe the overall structure of a DNA molecule?

A

DNA is made of 2 strands of DNA coiled together. It has a double helix structure

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4
Q

DNA contains lots of sections called genes. Describe the function of genes

A

Genes code for particular sequences of amino acids which are put together to make specific proteins

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5
Q

What is meant by the term genome?

A

All genetic material in an organism

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6
Q

Give one reason why it is important for scientists to understand the human genome

A

It allows scientists to find genes that are linked to different types of diseases

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7
Q

What type of cell division is involved in the production of gametes?

A

Meiosis

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8
Q

Name a type of cell division used in asexual reproduction?

A

Mitosis

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9
Q

Cells produced by asexual reproduction are called clones. What does this mean?

A

They are genetically identical to the parent cell

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10
Q

Where in the body does meiosis take place?

A

In the reproductive organs

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11
Q

Before a cell starts to divide by meiosis, what happens to its DNA?

A

It is copied

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12
Q

How many cell divisions are there during the process of meiosis?

A

2 (before they spilt into four)

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13
Q

Briefly describe the results of meiosis

A

Meiosis results in four daughter cells being made that will have a complete set of chromosomes (half from mother and half from father) and every daughter cell will be genetically different

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14
Q

What type of cell division does the fertilised egg cell undergo?

A

Mitosis

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15
Q

The dividing cells form an embryo. What happens to the cells as it develops in order to form the whole organism?

A

Cells will differentiate into specialised cells

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16
Q

What is evolution?

A

Is the change in the inherited characteristics of a population over time

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17
Q

What does the theory of evolution say?

A

By natural selection, all organisms evolved from simple life forms that first started to develop over three billion years ago

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18
Q

What does it mean when a species becomes extinct?

A

No individuals of the species are alive

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19
Q

Give two factors which might cause a species to become extinct

A

New predators and new diseases

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20
Q

Describe how natural selection could have led to the evolution of hares with large ears, from a population of hares with smaller ears

What points would you include in this 6 marker?

A
  • the original population would have had a variation of sizes of ears
  • those with larger ears would lose more heat, meaning they are more likely to survive over hares with smaller ears
  • the genes of larger ears would be passed on to offspring
  • over time, population with larger ear gene will be more popular, leading to all hares having large ears
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21
Q

True or false

Antibiotics are drugs that kill all pathogens

A

False

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22
Q

True or false

Bacteria can evolve quickly because they divide very rapidly

A

True

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23
Q

True or false

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria don’t spread easily

A

False

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24
Q

How can farmers help to prevent the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria?

A

By restricting the amount of antibiotics they give to their livestock

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25
Q

Give two reasons why the development of antibiotics is unlikely to keep up with the rate at which new antibiotic-resistant bacteria appear

A

It’s a slow process

It’s very expensive

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26
Q

Give one way in which doctors can help to prevent the overuse of antibiotics?

A

They only give it to patients that really need it

27
Q

Explain why taking the full course of antibiotics reduce he chance of antibiotic-resistant strains developing

A

All bacteria will be killed, reducing the number of any individual bacteria becoming resistant to the antibiotic

28
Q

What is selective breeding?

A

When humans choose which plants or animals are going to breed

29
Q

What is another name for selective breeding?

A

Artificial selection

30
Q

Suggest why dairy farmers might use selective breeding?

A

To get their cows to produce more milk

31
Q

What is inbreeding?

A

When the best offspring breed

32
Q

Inbreeding can make a population more likely to get a disease. Explain why

A

The animals are all closely related, they are less likely to have an allele that is resistant to that disease, meaning a lot or all of the animals will die quickly

33
Q

Describe one other problem which may be caused by inbreeding

A

Genetic defects are more likely

34
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

The transfer of a gene from one organisms DNA into another organisms DNA

35
Q

How can bacteria be genetically engineered to help someone with diabetes?

A

They cab be made to produce insulin

36
Q

What is the benefit of genetically engineering crop plants to be resistant to herbicides?

A

It can increase crop yield

37
Q

Give two ways in which crop plants are genetically engineered

A

To grow bigger and better fruit

To be resistant to insects

38
Q

Suggest one thing the scientists could do to make their results more valid?

A

They could repeat their experiment with other meadows

39
Q

True or false

Fossils are all between 100 and 1000 years old

A

False

40
Q

True or false

Fossils are the remains of organisms

A

True

41
Q

True or false

Fossils are often found in rocks

A

True

42
Q

Why did many early forms of life not form fossils?

A

Because they were soft-bodied. They didn’t have skeletons

43
Q

A fossilised insect is preserved in amber

The insect has been protected from moisture and oxygen. Explain why his has stopped the insect from decaying

A

Decay microbes need moisture and oxygen to survive. Therefore, as these factors are not present, the insect will not decay

44
Q

Traces of organisms can also be considered fossils. Give two examples of a trace which may be left behind by an organism

A

Footprints

Rootlet traces

45
Q

Apart from preserved organisms or traces left behind by organisms, give one other way in which fossils may be formed

A

When parts of the organism are replaced by minerals when they decay

46
Q

What is the order of the 5 kingdom classification system?

A

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

47
Q

Which of the Linnaean system is the largest group?

A

Kingdom

48
Q

What does the Linnaean classification system use to classify organisms?

A

Physical characteristics

49
Q

What was the name of the scientist who proposed the three-domain system?

A

Carl woese

50
Q

What are the three domains that Carl woese made up?

A

Bacteria
Eukaryota
Archaea

51
Q

What is eukaryota?

A

This domain includes a wide range of organisms e.g. plants, animals, fungi and protists

52
Q

What are archaea?

A

They live in extreme places such as hot springs and salt lakes

53
Q

The scientific name of a hummingbird is a lophornis helenae. What is the genus of the hummingbird?

A

Lophornis

54
Q

Which part of this word is the species and genus

Homo sapiens

A

Homo is the species

Sapiens is the genus

First word is the species, the second is the genus

55
Q

Improvements in our understanding of organisms of to the development of new classification systems, like the three domain system. Give two of these improvements

A

Our understanding of the infernal structures of organisms has improved

Our understanding of the processes taking place inside organisms have improved

56
Q

Give two types of data that can be used to make evolutionary trees

A

Current classification data and fossil records

57
Q

Give one argument against embryo screening

A

It’s unfair treatment towards those that have a disease

58
Q

Give one argument for embryo screening

A

It stops people from suffering

59
Q

Which allele causes polydactyl?

A

A dominant allele (DD)

60
Q

What allele causes cystic fibrosis?

A

Recessive (dd)

61
Q

What does a carrier of cystic fibrosis genotype look like?

A

(Dd)

62
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A random change in an organisms DNA that can be inherited

63
Q

Helen and Stephanie are identical twins. Helen weighs 7KG more than Stephanie. Explain whether this is due to genes, environmental factors or both.

A

It must be environmental as the twins share the exact same genes

Biology (10 decks)

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