Chapter 9.1 Forging Early Social Relationships

Question 1

Attachment

Answer 1

the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual

Question 2

Ainsworth Strange Situation (definition)

Answer 2

a sequence of staged episodes that illustrate the strength of attachment between a child and (typically) his or her mother

Question 3

Ainsworth Strange Situation (steps)

Answer 3

1. Mother and baby enter
2. Mother sits, baby explores
3. Stranger comes, talks to mom, then to baby
4. Mother leaves, stranger and baby stays
5. Mother comes back, comforts baby, stranger leaves
6. Mother leaves, baby is left alone
7. Stranger comes back
8. Mother comes back, stranger leaves

Question 4

Secure attachment pattern

Answer 4

a style of attachment in which children use the mother as a kind of home base and are at ease when she is present; when she leaves, they become upset; two thirds of kids are in this category

Question 5

avoidant attachment pattern

Answer 5

a style of attachment in which children do not seek proximity to the mother; after the mother has left, they seem to avoid her when she returns; 20% of children are in this category

Question 6

ambivalent attachment pattern

Answer 6

style of attachment in which children display a combination of positive and negative reactions to their mothers; 10-15% of children are in this category

Question 7

disorganized disoriented attachment pattern

Answer 7

a style of attachment in which children show inconsistent, often contradictory behavior; 5-10% of children are in this category

Question 8

interactional synchrony

Answer 8

Caregivers respond to infants appropriately and both caregiver and child match emotional states; more likely to produce secure attachment.

Question 9

reactive attachment disorder

Answer 9

psychological problem characterized by extreme problems in forming attachments to others; can be seen in feeding difficulties, unresponsiveness to social overtures, and general failure to thrive

Question 10

mirror neurons

Answer 10

neurons that fire not only when an individual enacts a particular behavior, but also when the individual observes another organism carrying out the same behavior

Question 11

theory of mind

Answer 11

understandings and beliefs of how the mind operates

Question 12

Konrad Lorenz

Answer 12

observed newborn goslings, labeled the process imprinting

Question 13

imprinting

Answer 13

behavior that takes place during a critical period and involves attachment to the first moving object that is observed

Question 14

Harry Harlow

Answer 14

gave monkeys a choice of “wire” moms with food or “comfort” moms with warmth and determined that monkeys wanted the comfort more (contact comfort)

Question 15

John Bowlby

Answer 15

Viewed attachment as based primarily on infants’ needs for safety and security