Chapter 12.1 Gender

Question 1

Gender

Answer 1

refers to our sense of being male of female

Question 2

sex

Answer 2

refers to sexual anatomy and sexual behavior

Question 3

androgens

Answer 3

male hormones

Question 4

estrogens

Answer 4

female hormones

Question 5

corpus callosum

Answer 5

the bundle of nerves that connects the hemispheres of the brain

Question 6

Freud’s phallic stage

Answer 6

stage in the preschool years where the focus of a child’s pleasure relates to genital sexuality

Question 7

oedipal conflict

Answer 7

occurs around 5, where boys develop sexual interest in their mothers, viewing their fathers as rivals, desiring to kill their fathers, until realizing that their father is powerful (castration anxiety) and instead decide to become just like their fathers

Question 8

castration anxiety

Answer 8

boys developing a fear of retaliation in Freud’s Oedipal conflict

Question 9

identification

Answer 9

the process in which children attempt to be similar to their same-sex parent, incorporating the parent’s attitudes and values

Question 10

Penis envy

Answer 10

Freud’s phallic stage for girls, saying that they begin to feel sexual attraction toward their fathers, and end up becoming just like their mothers

Question 11

gender identity

Answer 11

perception of oneself as male of female

Question 12

gender schema

Answer 12

a cognitive framework organizes information relevant to gender; helps determine a gender identity

Question 13

gender constancy

Answer 13

awareness that people are permanently males or females, depending on fixed, unchangeable biological factors

Question 14

biological approach to gender development

Answer 14

says our ancestors who behaved in ways representing female or male roles may have had better chances at reproducing; also says brain differences may lead to gender differences

Question 15

psychoanalytic approach to gender development

Answer 15

says gender development is a result of identification with same-sex parent

Question 16

social learning approach to gender development

Answer 16

says children learn gender-related behavior and expectations from their observation of others’ behavior

Question 17

cognitive approach to gender development

Answer 17

says that children use gender schemas to view the world, and using their increasing cognitive abilities they develop rules about what is appropriate for females and males.