Chapter 10.1 The Development of the Self

Question 1

Self-awareness

Answer 1

knowledge of oneself, begins to grow around 12 months

Question 2

complaint agents

Answer 2

Infants: beings similar to themselves who behave under their own power and have the capacity to respond to infants’ requests

Question 3

empathy

Answer 3

Infants: emotional response that corresponds to the feelings of another person

Question 4

Theory of mind

Answer 4

Infants: knowledge and beliefs about how the mind works and how it influences behavior

Question 5

self-concept

Answer 5

Preschool: identity, set of beliefs about what they are like as individuals

Question 6

collectivistic orientation

Answer 6

promotes the notion of interdependence

Question 7

individualistic orientation

Answer 7

emphasizes personal identity and the uniqueness of the individual

Question 8

race dissonance

Answer 8

where minority children indicate preferences for majority values or people

Question 9

psychological moratorium

Answer 9

period during which adolescents take time off from the upcoming responsibilities of adulthood to explore various roles and possibilities

Question 10

crisis

Answer 10

period in which an adolescent consciously chooses between various alternatives and makes decisions

Question 11

commitment

Answer 11

psychological investment in a course of action or an ideology

Question 12

identity achievement

Answer 12

successfully explored and thought through who they are and what they want to do

Question 13

identity foreclosure

Answer 13

committed to an identity without passing through a period of crisis in which they explored alternatives (commitment present, exploration absent)

Question 14

moratorium

Answer 14

explored some alternatives but have made no commitment, have high anxiety and experience psychological conflict (commitment absent, exploration present)

Question 15

identity diffusion

Answer 15

neither explore not commit to various alternatives, are often socially withdrawn

Question 16

cultural assimilation model

Answer 16

says individual cultural identities should be assimilated into a unified culture in the United States (melting pot model)

Question 17

pluralistic society model

Answer 17

suggests that US society is made up of diverse, coequal cultural groups that should preserve their individual features

Question 18

bicultural identity

Answer 18

drawing from their own culture while integrating themselves into the dominant culture

Question 19

social clock

Answer 19

describes the psychological timepiece that records the major milestones in peoples lives

Question 20

career consolidation

Answer 20

stage between 20 and 40 where young adults become centered on their careers