Chapter 9: Water and Hydration Flashcards
Polar
Describes a molecule with a positive and negative charge on opposite sides.
Specific heat
The heat required to raise the temperature of a substance by one degree.
Homeostasis
The body’s ability to maintain a stable equilibrium between processes that are dependent on each other.
Osmosis
A process by which molecules pass through a semipermeable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Chemical composition of water
2 hydrogen
1 oxygen
Total body water
The entire amount of water found in the human body.
Intracellular water
The water within the cells of the body.
Extracelular water
The water outside the cells in the body.
Interstitial fluid
Water in the space between cells in the body.
Plasma volume
The water in plasma in the veins and arteries.
Hypohydration
A state of decreased total body water.
Euhydration
A state of adequate total body water as regulated by the brain.
Hyperhydration
A state of excessive total body water content.
Underhydration
A state in which hormones used to regulate fluid balance are activated; however, total body water is not significantly reduced, and thirst has not been stimulated.
Urine osmolality
A measure of urine concentration where large values indicate concentrated urine and small values indicate diluted urine.
Urine specific gravity
A measure of hydration using the density of urine compared to the density of water.
Urine color
The pigmentation of urine used as a measure of hydration.
Refractometer
A tool used for measuring urine specific gravity.
Percent of total body water weight
50-70%
Aldosterone
A hormone produced in the adrenal glands responsible for sodium conservation.
Water retention
The accumulation of water in the cells and body cavities.
Osmolality
The concentration of plasma in the blood.
Plasma osmolality
A measure of the concentration of electrolytes and other solutes in plasma.
Arginine vasopressin
A hormone released when plasma osmolality increases; responsible for fluid reabsorption from the kidneys into the bloodstream.
Receptor
A group of specialized cells on or in a cell interacting with specific circulating hormones.
Vasopressin 2 receptors
Vasopressin receptors located in the kidney that are responsible for limiting the amount of fluid lost through urine production.
Vasopressin 1A receptors
Vasopressin receptors located in the liver tissue that increase the amount of liver glucose production when activated.
Chronic Kidney disease
The gradual decreased kidney function over a long period of time.
Gastric emptying rate
The rate at which fluid is emptied from the stomach into the small intestine.
Hydrostatic pressure
The pressure exerted by a fluid at equilibrium die to the forces of gravity.
Cardiac output
The amount of blood per minute pumped by the heart.
Stroke volume
The amount fo blood pumped in each heartbeat by the heart.
Cardiac drift
A phenomenon in which heart rate increases as stroke volume decreases due to the decreased blood volume.
Hyperthermia
Dangerously high body temps due to producing more heat than can be dispersed.
Rehydration
Replacing fluids lost during activity.
Thermoregulation
How organisms control core body temperature
Exercise associated hyponatremia
When plasma sodium levels fall below normal ranges.
Diuretic effect
Any effect from a physiological process leading to increased urine production.
