Chapter 6: Fats Flashcards
Lipids
Organic Biomolecules soluble in organic solvents, but not water.
Beta-oxidation
The catabolic metabolism of fatty acids to generate the molecules needed to synthesize adenosine triphosphate.
Cholesterol
a 3-carbon alcohol molecule and the structural backbone of lipids.
Triglycerides
Three fatty acids linked to a molecule of glycerol.
Fatty acids
A chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms with a carboxyl group at one end.
Glycerol
A three carbon alcohol molecule and the structural backbone of lipids.
Saturated fats
A fat or fatty acids with single bonds between carbons
Unsaturated fats
A fat or fatty acid with one or more double bonds between carbons.
LDL cholesterol
Bad cholesterol building up in and contributing to the hardening of arteries.
Monounsaturated fatty acids
Fatty acids with just one double bond between carbons.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids
Fatty acids with more than one double bond.
Adipose tissue
Loose connective tissue made of adipocytes for storing excess fats in the body.
Lipogenesis
The metabolic process forming fat for storage in adipocytes.
Lipolysis
The breakdown of lipids for energy occurring during fasting and exercise when energy availability and insulin are low.
Prostoglandins
Hormones involved in the inflammatory response to injury as well as female reproductive phases.
Steroid hormones
Hormones derived from cholesterol, including estrogen and testosterone.
Essential fatty acids
Fats that cannot be produced in the body and must be supplemented or consumed as part of a balanced diet.
Omega-3 fatty acids
A group of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids, including eicosahexaenoic acid, and alpha-linolenic acid.
Omega-6 fatty acids
A group of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids, including linoleic acid.
Linoleic acid
A common essential omega 6 fatty acid.
Alpha linoleix acid
An omega 3 fatty acid found to be effective for treating depression and anxiety.
Eicosapentaenoic acid
An omega 3 fatty acid used to reduce triglyceride levels.
Docosahexaenoic acid
An omega 3 fatty acid used to reduce chronic disease and functions in the development of the brain, skin, and eyes.
HDL
the good cholesterol carrying the LDL out of the bloodstream and to the liver, where it is broken down and excreted.
Gamma linolenic acid
A nonessential omega 6 fatty acid derived from linoleic acid.
Omega 9 fatty acid
Common nonessential monounsaturated fats.
Phospholipids
A class of lipids made of glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate unit, a major component of cell membranes.
Hydrophilic
Water loving
Hydrophobic
Water repelling
Lecithin
A phospholipid with a choline group essential for liver and brain function.
Phosphatidylserine
A phospholipid with the amino acid serine useful for improving memory and physical recovery.
Sterols
A group of naturally occurring unsaturated steroid alcohols
Conjugated linoleic acid
An isomer of linoleic acid derived from ruminant animals.
Isomer
Two or more compounds or molecules with the same formula but different arrangements of atoms.
Conjugated
A molecule formed by the union of two molecules with two double bonds separated by a single bond.
Adiposity
Bodyfat stores
Medium-chain triglyceride
Triglyceride with shorter fatty acid chains containing just 6-12 carbon atoms used as a supplement for quick energy and certain medical conditions.
Trans fatty acids
Unsaturated fatty acids that have been hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated.
Hydrogenation
The process by which hydrogen atoms are added to unsaturated sites on fatty acids, converting double bonds to single bonds.
Partial hydrogenation
The hydrogenation of fatty acids resulting in the “trans” configuration.
Lingual lipase
An enzyme using amino acids aspartate, histidine, and serine to hydrolyze medium and long chain triglycerides, breaking them down into partial glycerides and free fatty acids.
Emulsifier
A substance that dispenses fat into smaller droplets as part of the digestion process.
Gastric lipase
An enzyme secreted by cells in the stomach, breaking down and digesting fats.
Bile salts
Bile acids produced in the liver and conjugated with the amino acids taurine or glycine that act to stabilize fats in the small intestine.
Micelles
Bile salts aiding in the transport through the small intestine that are released, without crossing the membrane, as the free fatty acid is absorbed.
Lipoproteins
Proteins bound to fat to transport lipids through the bloodstream.
Chylomicron
A droplet of fat that has been absorbed through the small intestine into the bloodstream or lymphatic fluid.
Cholesterol esters
Esters of cholesterol, a slightly different chemical form of cholesterol that is less soluble in water.
Glycogenolysis
The process of breaking down glycogen into glucose molecules for energy.
Ketogenesis
The process of breaking down fatty acids to produce ketone bodies and used in certain circumstances for energy production.
Calories in one gram of fat
9 kcals
