Chapter 2: Cells, Organ Systems, and Digestion Flashcards
Macronutrients
A type of food required in large amounts within our diet.
Organelles
Structures in a living cell performing specialized metabolic tasks.
Nucleolus function
Generates ribosomes and cell-signaling particles.
Nucleus function
Holds the cell’s genetic materials.
Ribosome function
Performs biological protein synthesis.
Vesicle function
Performs secretion from a cell, uptake into a cell, and material transport within a cell.
Rough ER function
Produces proteins.
Smooth ER function
Produces lipids and steroid hormones, stores calcium ions, and removes metabolic by-products.
Golgi apparatus function
Packages proteins into vesicles for transport.
Centriole function
Aids in cell division
Mitochondria function
Generates cellular energy
Lysosome function
Digests and removes waste within a cell,
Peroxisome function
Produces water and breaks down fatty acids.
Microtubule function
Provides structure and shape to the cell
Cell membrane
The lipid bilayer enclosing human cells.
Lipid Bilayer
A thin polar membrane made of pairs of lipid molecules.
Phospholipids
A fatty acid linked through glycerol phosphate forming cell membranes.
Hydrophilic
Water-loving: attracted to water
Hydrophobic
Water hating: repelled by water
Blastocyte
A bundle of 70 - 100 mostly undifferentiated human cells.
Tissue
Groups of cells having similar structure and acting together to perform a function.
Stem cell function
Undifferentiated cells
Red blood cells function
Transports oxygen
White blood cell function
Immunity and pathogen response
Platelet function
Blood clotting
Nerve cell function
Transmits nerve impulses
Neuroglial cell function
Modulates rates of nerve signaling propagation in the brain and repair of neural injury
Muscle cell function
Muscular contraction, voluntary and involuntary
Cartilage cell function
Physical support and shock absorption
Bone cell function
Create, reabsorb, and model bone
Skin cell function
create a protective barrier, protect against infection, produce skin pigmentation
Endothelial cell function
Reinforces and grows blood vessels
Adipose cell function
Stores energy
Sex cell function
Human reproduction
Epidermis
The outermost layer of skin
Epithelialization
The process of replacing epithelial cells to maintain a protective barrier.
Squamos
Thin, flat epithelial cells allowing molecules to easily pass through
Cuboidal
Box shaped epithelial cells that secrete and absorb
Columnar
Rectangular shaped epithelial cells that secrete and absorb in a basal layer.
Transitional epithelium
Epithelial cells that can change shape or stretch
Glandular epithelium
Epithelial cells secreting specific water-based fluid, often containing proteins.
Connective tissue
Tissue supporting, binding, or connecting other tissues in the body.
Skeletal muscle
Muscle fibers responsible for voluntary muscle contraction
Smooth muscle
Muscle fibers responsible for involuntary muscle contraction in the organ systems
Cardiac muscle
Muscle tissue found only in the heart.
Striated muscle
Muscle fibers having contractile units running parallel, appearing striped on a microscope
Nervous tissue
the cells of the nervous system controlling body movement and body functions
Nerve cells
The neuron transmitting nerve signals
Neuroglial cells
Nervous tissue found largely in the central nervous system that forms myelin, protects and supports neurons and maintains homeostasis.
Efferent nerves
Nerve cells carrying a signal from the brain to the body
Afferent nerves
Nerve cells carrying a signal from the body to the brain
Central nervous system
The brain and the spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system
The nervous system outside the brain and the spinal cord
Integumentary system
Organ system protecting the body, composed of skin, hair, and nails.
number of organ systems in the body
11
number of individual organs
78
Epidermis
The external layer creating a waterproof barrier and giving the skin its physical tone
Dermis
The skin layer below the epidermis containing hair follicles, connective tissue, sweat glands, blood vessels, and lymph vessels.
Hypodermis
The third skin layer of adipose and connective tissue
Subcutaneous layer
The skin layer serving to insulate; technically part of the hypodermal layer.
Muscular system
The collection of the muscle fibers throughout the human body with the main function of contractability.
Vertebrates
Animals with a vertebral column or spine
Axial skeleton
Made up of 80 bones in the adult human and includes the bones of the vertical axis of the body, such as the sternum, cranium, and vertebral column.
Appendicular skeleton
Made up of 126 bones and includes the bones of the appendages attaching to the axial skeleton.
Interneurons
A neuron with its cell body, axon, and dendrites located entirely within the CNS.
Somatic nervous system
The system carrying impulses to and from the skeletal muscle, through the spinal cord, and to or from the brain, which allows the body to react to the external environment.
Autonomic nervous system
Involuntary and controls the internal organs, including the heart and lungs as well as the glands.
Circulatory system
An organ system consisting of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
Arteries
Blood vessels carrying oxygenated blood away from the heart and to the tissues
Veins
Blood vessels carrying blood toward the heart to remove waste and pick up more oxygen.
Capillaries
Fine branching blood vessels forming a network between the arterioles and venules, where transport of nutrients and oxygen or carbon dioxide occurs on a microscopic scale.
Lymphatic system
The organ system working in conjunction with the circulatory and immune systems to prevent disease and maintain fluid balance.
Lymph nodes
Lymphatic organs that filter and remove foreign particles
Lymphocytes
Lymphatic bodies within lymph nodes that consume foreign bodies.
Interstitial space
The space between cells
Respiratory system
The organ system responsible for respiration - internal and external - and gas exchange
Internal respiration
The exchange of gases between the blood and tissues.
Cellular metabolism
The use of oxygen within cells for specific activities.
Ventilation
Breathing inhalation and exhalation
Endocrine system
The organ system producing, releasing, and controlling hormones.
Hormones
Chemical messengers in the body affecting growth, development, and metabolic activities.
Exocrine glands
Glands of the endocrine system that have ducts carrying secretions to the surface
Endocrine glands
Ductless glands of the endocrine system with secretions moving directly into the bloodstream to be carried throughout the body.
Adrenal gland function
Regulates blood pressure. “fight or flight”
Pituitary gland function
Regulates growth, stimulates uterine contraction in pregnant women
Thyroid gland function
Regulates metabolic rate and growth
Pancreas function
Controls carbohydrate metabolism, regulates sugar from the liver.
Ovaries function
Develops female sex organs and characteristics, attaches fetus to uterine wall, widens the pelvis for birth.
Testes function
Develops male sex organs and characteristics,
Urinary system
The organ system producing, storing, and eliminating fluid waste or urine..
Reproductive system
The organ system responsible for human reproduction,
Gonads
The main reproductive organ, the ovaries and testes, that produce gametes and sex hormones of an organism.
Gastrointestinal tract
The part of the human digestive system consisting of the stomach and intestines.
Mucosa
Innermost lining of the digestive tract in contact with food.
Muscular mucosa
Smooth muscle in the GI tract moving food through.
Peristalsis
The systematic series of smooth muscle contractions that move food through the GI tract.
Submucosa
The layer of the GI tract with lymphatic and blood vessels and nerves.
Serosa
The outermost layer of the GI tract serving as a barrier.
Saliva
Fluid from the mouth containing water, mucus, and amylase.
Amylase
An oral enzyme beginning the process of starch breakdown.
Pharynx
The throat
Esophagus
The piece of the alimentary tract connecting the throat to the stomach
Stomach
The muscular pouch used for mechanical and chemical digestion in the alimentary tract.
Gastrin
A hormone stimulating secretion of gastric juice; secreted into the bloodstream by the stomach wall in response to food.
Chyme
The pulpy, acidic fluid passing through from the stomach to the small intestine, consisting of gastric juices and partially digested food.
Plicae circulares
crescent shaped folds of the mucosa and submucosa
Villi
Tiny hairlike projections often on the surface of mucous membranes
Enterokinase function
Convert trypsinogen to trypsin to break down proteins
Lactase function
Break down lactose
Lipase function
Break down fatty acids
Maltase function
Break down maltose to glucose
Mucus function
Lubricate passageways for food to move easily
Peptidase or protease
break down for proteins
Sucrase
Break down sucrose to fructose and glucose
Cholecystokinin
An endocrine secretion in the GI tract to digest proteins and fats
Secretin
An endocrine secretion in the GI tract regulating water balance and pH in the duodenem.
Colon
The longest part of the large intestine; removes water from waste matter.
Rectum
The space between the colon and anus where fecal matter is stored.
Anus
The opening at the end of the alimentary tract where waste exits the body.
Hepatic artery
A short blood vessel supplying oxygenated blood to the liver, pylorus of the stomach, duodenem, pancreas, and gallbladder.
Hepatic portal vein
Vein conveying blood to the liver from the spleen, stomach, pancreas, and intestines.
Bile
A bitter, greenish-brown alkaline fluid aiding digestion, secreted by the liver ad stored in the gallbladder.
Islets of langerhans
specialized pancreatic cells secreting insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin.
