Chapter 9: Water and Electrolyte Balance Flashcards
Explain the role of water and water balance in the human body.
Which patient populations are at increased risk for dehydration?
-Older adults
-Patients taking diuretics
-Infants and small children
-Patients with severe burns
Which signs and symptoms could appear in a patient experiencing water intoxication?
-Confusion and lethargy
-Swelling of the extremities
-Sodium level of 124 mEq/L
Which statement is true regarding the need for water in the diet?
Infants are particularly susceptible to dehydration
Which solutes can influence the movement of water across a membrane?
-Sodium
-Glucose
-Proteins
What is the primary solute within the blood vessels responsible for regulating blood filtration?
Plasma proteins
If the solute concentration outside the cell increases, what will happen to the movement of water between the compartments?
Water will move from the cell into the extracellular space
Which condition related to fluid imbalance is a patient with low protein levels at risk for?
Edema
Which statement describes the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)?
The release of aldosterone acts on the nephron to stimulate sodium reabsorption
An excess loss of hydrochloric acid can lead to which acid-base imbalance?
Respiratory acidosis
Relies on osmotic and hydrostatic pressures to maintain balance.
Capillary fluid shift
Dependent on plasma proteins to exert the required pressure.
Colloidal osmotic pressure
Process where glucose, amino acids, and salts are continuously reabsorbed.
Renal circulation
Relies on weak acids and bases to weaken strong acids and bases.
Chemical
Relies on the formation of CO2 from H+ and HCO3 −.
Respiratory
Relies on the excretion of H+ through the kidneys.
Urinary.
A significant loss of bicarbonate may lead to which acid-base imbalance?
Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic acidosis results from an accumulation of acid or a depletion of alkaline reserves, such as bicarbonate.
Which molecule is the primary base used in the chemical buffer system?
Sodium bicarbonate
Which mineral acts as a buffer to maintain acid-base balance?
Bicarbonate
How much water is generally required for the metabolism of every 1000 kcal consumed?
1000 mL
Which particle is too large to pass through the walls of capillaries?
Plasma protein molecule
A 10 month old infant has been having diarrhea for the past few days. The infant’s parents call the health care provider and ask what to give the child to eat and drink. The child is mostly breastfeeding along with solid foods being introduced. Which food will the health care provider recommend the parents give to the child?
Breast milk
Which term describes movement of water molecules from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration?
Osmosis
What is the best description of dehydration?
Fluid volume deficit
Which characteristic of electrolytes enables them to diffuse freely across cell membranes?
Small size
Which brain structure undergoes physiologic changes with aging, putting older adults at a higher risk for dehydration?
Hypothalamus
What is the effect of ingesting 300 mg or more of caffeine at one time?
Acute diuretic effect
Which food has a water content of 90% or higher?
-Lettuce
-Cantaloupe
-Squash
Which factor is a cause of respiratory acidosis?
Accumulation of carbon dioxide
Which pH value would indicate that the substance is acidic?
0, 4
Substances with a pH of less than 7 is acidic
Which term refers to a hormone of the pituitary gland that acts on the distal nephron tubule to conserve water by reabsorption and is also known as antidiuretic hormone?
Vasopressin
Which process involves movement of water and solutes across membrane with assistance from cell membrane transporters?
Facilitated diffusion
Which large molecular size organic compound is responsible for maintaining integrity of the blood volume by exerting colloidal osmotic pressure (COP)?
Plasma proteins
Which output route is responsible for the largest amount of water exiting from the body?
Kidneys
Which volume represents the adequate intake of water for pregnant women?
3.0 L
How are electrolytes measured?
According to the number of ionic charges in a solution
What is the adequate intake (AI) recommendation of daily total water for men 19 and older?
3.7 L
