Chapter 6: Energy Balance Flashcards
Interpret aspects of energy balance.
When reading the fact label for a nutritional product, which expression of energy is commonly used throughout the world?
Kilojoules
During which stage of life do women store more fat?
Pregnancy
Which step helps maintain energy balance in the body?
Ensure that food energy intake matches body energy output as an average over time
Which form of energy is required for involuntary body functions like brain and nerve activity?
Electrical energy
When referring to body energy, which statement is associated to energy unit measurements?
Kilojoules are commonly used on food labels
A clinician is measuring an athlete’s basal energy expenditure (BEE). Which factor would the clinician consider that contributes more to BEE?
Lean body mass
A clinician is measuring the basal energy expenditure of athletes before and after a sporting event. Which method does the clinician use for a high degree of accuracy?
Ventilated hood
Which substance would the nurse inform the patient to choose when looking for nutrient-dense foods?
Dairy substitutes
When counseling a patient with a metabolic condition, which activity would the nurse explain uses the greatest amount of energy in the body?
Respiratory effort
When reading the fact label for a nutritional product, which expression of energy is commonly used throughout the world?
Kilojoules
Which energy source provides the highest energy value?
Fat
Which nutrient provides 9 kcal of energy per gram?
Lipids (fats)
Which recommendation promotes health by suggesting energy intake levels for maintaining body weight within specific age, sex, height, weight, and physical activity categories?
Estimated energy requirement
Which unit of measurement is the international unit of measure for energy?
Joule (j)
When food is not available, such as during sleep, the body draws from its stored energy. Which stored energy source is responsible for maintaining normal glucose levels during sleep?
Glycogen
Most of the kilocalories in fruits come from which food category?
Carbohydrates
Which statement by the patient demonstrates that they understand the concept of a healthy weight range?
“I should aim for a BMI of 24 kg/m2”
Which energy requirement is known as the thermic effect of food?
The energy required for the processes of digestion, absorption, and transportation of nutrients to the cells
Which food item is categorized as energy-dense food?
Fried meat
Which area of the body provides unlimited fat storage for the body to use as energy?
Adipose tissue
Basal metabolic rate, physical activity, and lean muscle mass are included in which category of risk factors for obesity?
Physiologic
List the events in the order they would occur in the external energy cycle
A) Humans eat animal meat to obtain energy.
B) Animals eat plants to obtain energy.
C) The sun provides energy.
D) Plants use photosynthesis to generate energy.
C, D, B, A
What is the primary form of energy storage in the body?
Chemical energy
How can a person increase his or her basal energy expenditure (BEE)?
Increase muscle mass
The presence of fat in which area increases the risk for cardiovascular disease?
Abdomen
The BMI for a patient who is 154 lb and 5’6” tall is __. (Round the answer to the nearest whole number.)
25
The formula to calculate BMI is shown below.
154 lb / 2.2 = 70 kg
5’6” (5.5) / 3.28 = 1.67 m
BMI = weight (kg) ÷ height (m)2
BMI = 70 ÷ (1.67)2
BMI = 70 ÷ 2.7889
BMI = 25.0995015956
Rounded to nearest whole, BMI = 25
Which statement is true regarding the internal energy cycle?
It includes the digestion of macronutrients
Which method can the health care professional use to determine the kilocalorie content of a food if only the amount of each macronutrient (in grams) is known?
Approximating composition
A person who consumes 2000 kilocalories/day consumes __ kilojoules/day. Round to the nearest whole number.
8368
To convert kilocalories to kilojoules, multiply the kilocalories by 4.184. (2000 × 4.184 = 8368 kilojoules)
A patient has been consuming 6000 kilojoules of food energy per day. The patient’s estimated total energy expenditure (TEE) is 1900 kilocalories/day. Which statement is true?
The patient will lose weight because she has a kilocalorie deficit of 466 kilocalories.
6000 kilojoules is equivalent to 1434 kilocalories (each kilocalorie is equivalent to 4.184 kilojoules). Her TEE is 1900 kilocalories per day, which leaves her with a deficit of 466 kilocalories per day. The patient is expending more energy than she intakes; therefore, she will lose weight.
Which processes are part of the basal energy expenditure (BEE)?
-Brain function
-Respiratory function
-Cardiac muscle contraction
-Core temperature regulation
What effect does aging have on basal energy expenditure (BEE) and total energy expenditure (TEE)?
Decreased BEE and TEE
A male patient is 6 feet 5 inches (195.5 cm) tall, weighs 190 lb (86.4 kg), and is 37 years old. The patient is very active and enjoys running 2-3 miles a day and playing on a recreational soccer team three times a week. Using the Harris-Benedict formula, the patient’s total energy requirement is __ kcal/day. Round the answer to the nearest whole number.
Harris-Benedict Formula
Men
TEE (kcal/day) = (66.47 + 5 × Height [cm] + 13.75 × Weight [kg] – 6.755 × Age) × PA*
Women
TEE (kcal/day) = (655.1 + 1.85 × Height [cm] + 9.56 × Weight [kg] – 4.676 × Age) × PA*
Physical Activity (PA) coefficients*
1.200 Sedentary (little or no exercise; desk job)
1.375 Lightly active (light exercise/sports 1 to 3 days/week)
1.550 Moderate active (moderate exercise/sports 3 to 5 days/week)
1.725 Heavy exercise (hard exercise/sports 6 to 7 days/week)
3419
The patient’s height is 195.5 cm, his weight is 86.4 kg, and he is 37 years old. The patient engages in “heavy exercise,” running daily and playing soccer three times per week. Therefore, his PA coefficient is 1.725.
The Harris-Benedict TEE formula for this patient is shown below.
TEE = (66.47 + 5 × Height [cm] + 13.75 × Weight [kg] – 6.755 × Age) × PA
TEE = (66.47 + 5 × 195.5 + 13.75 × 86.4 – 6.755 × 37) × 1.725
TEE = (66.47 + 977.5 + 1188 – 249.935) × 1.725
TEE = 1982.035 × 1.725
TEE = 3419.01
Rounded to the nearest whole number = 3419 kcal/day
TEE = 3419
A 32-year-old female patient is 5 feet 5 inches (165 cm) tall and weighs 168 lb (76.4 kg). She is moderately active and enjoys playing tennis four times a week. According to the Mifflin-St. Jeor equation, the patient’s total energy requirement is __ kcal per day. Round the answer to the nearest whole number.
Mifflin-St. Jeor equation
Men
TEE (kcal/day) = (10 × Weight [kg] + 6.25 × Height [cm] – 5 × Age [yr] + 5) × PA*
Women
TEE (kcal/day) = (10 × Weight [kg] + 6.25 × Height [cm] – 5 × Age [yr] – 161) × PA*
Physical Activity (PA) coefficients*
1.200 Sedentary (little or no exercise; desk job)
1.375 Lightly active (light exercise/sports 1 to 3 days/week)
1.550 Moderate active (moderate exercise/sports 3 to 5 days/week)
1.725 Heavy exercise (hard exercise/sports 6 to 7 days/week)
2784
The patient is 165 cm tall, weighs 76.4 kg, and is 32 years old. The PA coefficient for the patient is 1.550 because she is moderately active.
The Mifflin-St. Jeor TEE formula for this patient is shown below.
TEE (kcal/day) = (10 × weight [kg] + 6.25 × height [cm] – 5 × age [yr] – 161) × PA
TEE (kcal/day) = (10 × 76.4 + 6.25 × 165 – 5 × 32 – 161) × 1.550
TEE (kcal/day) = (764) + (1031.25) – (160 – 161) × 1.550
TEE (kcal/day) = (764) + (1031.25) – (–1) × 1.550
TEE (kcal/day) = (1795.25) – (–1) × 1.550
TEE (kcal/day) = (1796.25) × 1.550
TEE (kcal/day) = 2784.1875
Rounded to the nearest whole number = 2784 kcal/day
A 7-year-old girl who is 4 feet 1 inch (1.245 m) tall, weighs 63 lb (28.6 kg), and does not engage in regular physical activity requires __ kcal per day according to the 2002 DRI energy calculation. Round the answer to the nearest whole number.
1933
The DRI equation for a female who is 7 years old is as follows:
EER = 135.3 – (30.8 × age [yr]) + PA × (10.0 × weight [kg] + 943 × height [m] + 20 kcal)
The girl does not engage in regular physical activity and therefore her PA coefficient would be 1.00 (sedentary).
EER = 135.3 – (30.8 × 7) + 1.00 × (10.0 × 28.6 + 943 × 1.245 + 20 kcal)
EER = 135.3 – (215.6) + 1.00 × (286 + 1174.035 + 20 kcal)
EER = 135.3 – (215.6) + 1.00 × (1480.035)
EER = –80.3 + 1480.035
EER = 1399.735
Rounded to the nearest whole number = 1400 kcal
A patient with a BMI between 30 and 34.9 kg/m2 is at risk for which conditions?
-Hypertension
-Type 2 diabetes
-Cardiovascular disease
To which category of obesity-related health problems does type 2 diabetes belong?
A) Metabolic
B) Anatomic
C) Neoplastic
D) Degenerative
Metabolic
Metabolic obesity-related health problems include type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome.
Examples of anatomic obesity-related health problems include obstructive sleep apnea and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), not type 2 diabetes.
The neoplastic category includes cancers associated with obesity, not type 2 diabetes.
Degenerative health problems can lead to disability. Osteoarthritis and pulmonary diseases, not osteoarthritis, belong in this category.
The healthy weight midpoint for a woman who is 5 feet 9 inches (175 cm) tall with a medium frame is __ lb.
145 lb
Using the Hamwi method, the first five feet of height for a woman is allotted a weight of 100 lb, with an additional 5 lb for each additional inch over 5 feet.
100 lb + (inches over 5 ft × 5 lb) = midpoint of healthy weight
100 lb + (9 in × 5 lb) = midpoint of healthy weight
100 lb + (45) = midpoint of healthy weight
145 lb = midpoint of healthy weight
A female patient is 4 feet 8 inches tall with a small frame. Which weight is within the normal healthy limits for this patient?
80 lb
Females are allotted 100 lb for the first 5 feet of height and an additional 5 lb for every additional inch. The patient is 4 inches shorter than 5 feet, thus reducing the ideal weight by 20 lb (4 × 5 lb) to 80 lb. The patient has a small frame and thus would be on the low end of the ideal weight range, which can vary by 10% (8 lb). This patient would be expected to weigh between 72 and 80 lb.
