Chapter 7: Vitamins Flashcards
Discuss the key aspects of fat-soluble vitamins.
How do vitamins function in the human body?
-Antioxidants
-Components of enzymes
-Components of cell membranes
-Hormones that affect gene expression
Which factors affect the risk for toxicity with fat-soluble vitamins?
-Intake of the vitamin
-Ability to store the vitamin
-Capacity of the liver and kidney to clear the vitamin
Which factors contribute to reaching the Tolerable Upper Limit (UL) of vitamins?
-Fortified foods
-Daily food intake
-Ingredients in a nutrient supplement
After the nurse provides health education to a patient about vitamins, which vitamins would the patient identify as water soluble?
-B
-C
Which statement regarding retinol is accurate?
Retinol is the active form of vitamin A
Which symptoms can be seen in a patient who takes 5000 mcg of vitamin A per day in capsule form?
-Hair loss
-Skin irritation
Which signs and symptoms could indicate a vitamin A deficiency?
-Impaired vision
-Altered wound healing
-Frequent respiratory infections
A patient with vitamin A deficiency develops xerosis. Which signs and symptoms can be seen in this patient?
-Itchy eyes
-Red sclera
-Inflamed eyelids
Which foods would be recommended to a patient with a vitamin A deficiency to provide preformed vitamin A?
Whole milk
Organize the steps in correct order of how the human body produces the active form of vitamin D.
A) Exposure to ultraviolet light
B) Skin converts 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholecalciferol
C) Hydroxylation reaction in the kidney using alpha-1-hydroxylase to produce calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3)
D)Hydroxylation reaction in the liver using D-25-hyroxylase to produce calcidiol (25-hdroxycholecalciferol and 25-hydroxyvitamin D)
A, B, D, C
Which symptoms are expected in a patient who develops osteomalacia from vitamin D deficiency?
-Hip pain
-Leg weakness
-Difficulty ambulating
Which body changes can result from prolonged, excessive intake of vitamin D supplements?
-High serum calcium
-Calcium deposits in the kidneys
Which foods are at risk of vitamin E degradation based on the method of preparation?
-Roasting corn at very high heat
-Boiling peanuts for an extended time
How does vitamin E clear free radicals from the body?
Intercepts the oxidation process
Why would a patient with vitamin E deficiency be at risk for hemolytic anemia?
Vitamin E impacts the stability and strength of the red blood cell membrane
To which patients might a health care provider recommend vitamin E supplements?
-Patient with a family history of glaucoma
-Patient with a history of decreased sensation
Which information would be concerning in a patient receiving warfarin?
The patient eats sautéed spinach four to five times per week
Vitamin K is readily available in the body for which reason?
It is synthesized by intestinal bacteria
How does vitamin K support bone growth?
Helps build proteins such as osteocalcin
How does rickets in childhood affect bone health in adulthood?
Increases risk for osteoporosis
Which factor could lead to secondary vitamin K deficiency?
Severe malabsorption
Which medications are affected by vitamin K-rich foods?
Anticoagulants
Which signs and symptoms are associated with scurvy?
-Poor wound healing
-Loss of multiple teeth
-Bleeding in the joints
-Frequent bleeding gums
A patient reports accidently taking three 2000 mcg vitamin C tablets in a 24-hour period. How should the nurse respond to this patient?
“The excess amount will likely cause diarrhea.”
A 36-year-old male patient smokes one pack of cigarettes per day and takes one 90 mg vitamin C tablet per day. Which recommendation would the primary health care provider make?
Increase dosage of vitamin C
The registered dietitian is instructing a patient and family on how to properly cook vegetables to retain the most nutrition. Which method of cooking will help prevent vitamin C degradation?
-Steaming briefly with herbs
-Least amount of water necessary to properly cook the vegetable
Which foods would be a good choice for a patient with thiamin deficiency?
-Pork chops
-Dinner rolls
Why is thiamin degraded in cookies made with baking soda, sugar, and vanilla and baked in a 375° F oven?
Thiamin is degraded in an alkaline environment
Which findings would be expected in an adult patient with thiamin deficiency?
-Fatigue
-Irritability
-Decreased alertness
A patient with constipation and fatigue reports a history of chronic alcoholism for the past 5 years. Which additional symptoms would the nurse expect this patient to exhibit?
-Anorexia
-Short-term memory loss
-Abnormal, unsteady gait
-Delayed response to questions
A patient with riboflavin deficiency is experiencing cracks at the corners of the mouth. Which statement best explains the patient’s symptoms?
Riboflavin affects body areas with rapid cell growth
A patient with a dairy allergy who does not consume milk or milk products presents with signs of cracked lips and a swollen red tongue. Foods containing which vitamin may be missing from the diet?
Vitamin B2
How does riboflavin play a part in vision?
Riboflavin converts retinol to retinoic acid
A patient who is lactating asks the nurse if she needs extra riboflavin. Which statement by the nurse is appropriate?
“Lactation increases energy use, which increases the need for riboflavin.”
Which body processes require niacin?
-Energy production
-Synthesis of steroid hormones
-Repair of damaged DNA molecules
Which food would help support niacin production by the body?
Chicken breast
A patient taking a daily niacin supplement reports itching of the face and arms. Which additional symptoms would be concerning for niacin toxicity?
-Flushed skin on the face
-Irritation to skin of the chest
A patient with niacin deficiency presents with weakness and anorexia. Which additional signs and symptoms would indicate worsening of the condition?
-Confusion
-Flat affect
-Weakness
Which signs and symptoms can be seen in a patient with a pyridoxine deficiency?
-Muscle twitches
-Activity intolerance
-Hyperactive reflexes
-Low oxygen saturation
Which food choice provides the best source of pyridoxine?
Whole grain bread
Why is pyridoxine deficiency rare?
More pyridoxine is provided in a typical diet than is required
Why would storing pyridoxine in a clear glass bottle be detrimental?
Pyridoxine degrades when exposed to light
Which additional B-complex vitamin requires pyridoxine to function?
Niacin
Which body processes are supported by folate?
-DNA replication
-Heme synthesis
Why do women of childbearing age require more folic acid supplements?
Folic acid is needed to prevent neural tube defects
A patient taking 1500 mcg per day of folic acid reports numbness to the fingers and toes. Which additional assessment data should be obtained?
Vitamin B12 levels
A patient with folic acid deficiency develops macrocytic anemia. Which additional manifestations would be expected?
-Depression
-Difficulty standing
-Tingling in the toes
A patient asks the nurse why boiling collard greens causes deterioration of folate. Which responses by the nurse are correct?
-“Folate leaches into water when cooking.”
-“Folate is destroyed during the boiling process.”
-“The majority of folate is destroyed through cooking and processing food.”
Which foods would a patient with vitamin B12 deficiency choose as good dietary sources of cobalamin?
-Mussels
-Boiled eggs
-Pickled herring
Which conditions may lead to vitamin B12 deficiency?
-Gastric bypass surgery
-Eating a strict vegan diet
-Chronic atrophic gastritis
-Long-term use of heartburn medication
A patient diagnosed with pernicious anemia who had a gastrectomy (removal of the stomach) would receive which treatment?
Vitamin B12 injections
For the patient with primary vitamin B12 deficiency, which food selections demonstrate an understanding of nutritional management of the condition?
-Eggs
-Milk products
-Fish and lean meats
Which signs and symptoms indicate that a patient has progressed to advanced vitamin B12 deficiency?
-Swollen, painful tongue and gums
-Numbness and tingling of the fingers
Which condition would be expected in a patient with choline toxicity?
-Slow growth
-Low blood pressure
-Excessive salivation
How does choline aid in nervous system function?
Helps build the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
A patient with biotin deficiency asks the nurse about recommended dietary changes to improve biotin intake. Which recommendation is most appropriate for the nurse to make?
Eat corn tortillas instead of flour tortillas
Which foods provide good sources of pantothenic acid?
-Milk
-Meat
-Eggs
-Sunflower seeds
A patient who eats sushi every day is diagnosed with thiamin deficiency. Which statement accurately explains the association between the patient’s diet and diagnosis?
Some raw fish destroys thiamin
Which milk storage practices are key to preventing the destruction of riboflavin?
Opaque cardboard container
How can niacin levels be maintained when cooking a pasta dish?
Use the pasta water to cook the sauce
How can probiotics help promote absorption of biotin?
Probiotics restore normal flora that synthesizes biotin
To obtain more lycopene in the diet, which food can the nurse recommend?
Tomatoes
A 29-year-old female patient questions the nurse about the accurate amount of lycopene required in the daily diet. Which statements made by the nurse are appropriate?
-“There is no specific recommended daily intake for lycopene.”
-“Intake requirements can be met by filling half the plate with fruits and vegetables.”
A patient questions the nurse about the need to increase colorful fruits and vegetables in the diet. Which statements would the nurse include in an explanation about the importance of phytochemicals?
-Phytochemicals help to prevent heart disease
-Eating a diet rich in phytochemicals can help to prevent cancer
-Chronic disease may be prevented by eating phytochemicals
Match the food with the phytochemical it contains.
-Lycopene
-Anthocyanin
-Beta-carotene
-Glucosinolate
Which statement describes the difference between nutraceuticals and functional foods?
Functional foods are only found in foods, whereas nutraceuticals are any bioactive component that may be found in supplements
Which functional foods would be considered conventional foods?
-Organic coconut oil
-Free-range chicken breasts
-Fresh-squeezed orange juice
How are conventional foods different from modified foods?
Modified foods contain bioactive compounds by enrichment or fortification, whereas conventional foods contain these compounds naturally
A cardiovascular nurse notices several patients expressing a desire to include more functional foods in their diet. Which factors contribute to this increase in demand?
-Age
-Medical history
-Health care costs
Match the food with its appropriate description.
Functional food
Nutraceutical
Dietary supplement
In which way does a phytochemical affect a food?
Gives distinctive color
What is the upper intake level (UL) of retinol for adults established by the Dietary Reference Intake Committee?
3000 mcg/day
Why does the body rely on frequent intake of foods rich in water-soluble vitamins?
The body does not store water soluble vitamins
Which statement is most accurate regarding vitamins?
Most vitamins are provided through dietary intake
Which amount of micrograms (mcg) represents the daily recommended intake of Biotin?
30
Which individual will have the highest intake of phytonutrients?
A person who eats whole grains for breakfast daily
Which snack food is the best source for phytonutrients?
Nuts
Which system is affected by a Vitamin A deficiency?
Ocular
A patient states to the nurse, “I eat plenty of grains and fruits to help prevent cardiovascular disease, so I don’t need a lot of vegetables.”
Which statement regarding this patient is accurate?
Vegetables should be added to obtain phytonutrients that some grains and fruits do not contain
Which trait best indicates the specific phytochemical a fruit or vegetable contains?
Color
Fruits and vegetables of which color are the best source of phytochemical anthocyanin?
Red-purple
Which food source provides the most phytonutrients?
Legumes
Which food is considered “nutrient empty”?
Refined grains
Which carotenoid found in yellow-green foods is specifically associated with the prevention of age-related macular degeneration?
Zeaxanthin
Which characteristic of Vitamin D is accurate?
It is measured in international units
Which system is sensitive to Vitamin D deficiency?
Musculoskeletal
Which amount of Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is recommended as part of a vegan diet?
2.4 mcg
Which of the following is a fat-soluble vitamin?
Vitamin D
Which best describes the function of Vitamin A?
Maintains skin and the inner mucous membranes
Which B-complex vitamin is an essential constituent of the body’s main activating agent, coenzyme A?
Pantothenic acid
Which toxicity symptoms might occur with an intake of Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) greater than 2000 mg/day?
Gastrointestinal disturbance
What is the upper intake level (UL) of retinol for adults established by the dietary reference intake committee?
3000 mcg/day
