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Biol 203 > chapter 9: water > Flashcards

chapter 9: water Flashcards

1
Q

how much water can be found in an adult human body?

A

about 40 L of water

–> 2/3 are inside cells

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2
Q

proportion of muscle and epithelial cells that is made up of water?

A

about 70 to 80%

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3
Q

proportion of fat and bone cells that is made up of water?

A

less than 20%

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4
Q

if the 2/3 of water in the body is in cells, where is the remaining 1/3?

A

in the extracellular fluid compartment

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5
Q

what does the extracellular fluid compartment include

A

the cardiovascular system

the interstitial system

the lymphatic system

sweat

tears

gastric juices

spinal fluid

fluid between joints

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6
Q

chemistry golden rule #3

A

where Ions go, water follows

–> water molecules move towards compartments with the highest concentration of solutes

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7
Q

controlling the amount of solutes in each compartment will do what?

A

the body can control the water inside and outside of cells

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8
Q

osmosis

A

the third chemistry golden rule

where Ions go, water follows

the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

the movement of water across a membrane toward the side where solutes are more concentrated

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9
Q

how does the body maintain a the balance of compartmental fluids?

A

by controlling the concentration of ions in each department

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10
Q

what do the cells do to control the movement of water?

A

they direct a movement of major minerals:

sodium

potassium

magnesium

chloride (sometimes)

phosphate (sometimes)

sulfur (sometimes)

these minerals, called salts, dissociate when place in water into ions (electrolytes)

–> water molecules are immediately draw to them

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11
Q

electrolytes

A

salts that dissolve in water and dissociate into charged particles called ions

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12
Q

positively charged ions

A

cations

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13
Q

negatively charged ions

A

anions

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14
Q

the most important function water does

A

the transport of nutrients and waste

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15
Q

what is plasma

A

plasma is 92% water

there are nutrients that are delivered to cells

there is waste that is delivered to kidneys for elimination

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16
Q

water functions in the body

A

the transport of nutrients and waste

water participates in chemical reactions

–> some of the water in our cells is made with chemical reactions (metabolic water)

water regulates body temeprature

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17
Q

metabolic water

A

water generated during metabolism

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18
Q

the amount of metabolic water produced per day depends on what?

A

on our physical activity level

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19
Q

how much metabolic water do physically inactive people produce?

A

about 300 mL per day

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20
Q

how much metabolic water do very physically active people produce?

A

about 550 mL per day

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21
Q

during exercise, why does our body heat up (body temperature regulation)?

A

blood rushes to the surface of the skin carrying the heat generated from the metabolic reactions made in our cells

this increase in blood flow allows more heat to dissipate, which cools down our core

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22
Q

role of sweat in body temperature regulation

A

it is what allows our body to cool during exercise

–> this only works when the sweat is allowed to evaporate

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23
Q

how can we ensure our sweat evaporates when exercising?

A

we have to ensure we do not work out in an environment that is too humid

–> if we do, the heated body water remains trapped in the body

–> can cause heat stroke

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24
Q

human body is composed of how much water?

A

50 to 70% of the body is water

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25
Q

which two factors affect how much our body is made up of water

A

age

sex

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26
Q

a newborn is how much water weight?

A

75%

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27
Q

an elder is how much water weight?

A

45%

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28
Q

who has more body water between men and women?

why?

A

men

because muscle tissue is 75% water and fat tissue is 20% water

men have generally more lean muscle

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29
Q

what is metabolic water produced from?

A

from the chemical breakdown of macronutrients

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30
Q

all the ways water can be consumed

A

metabolic water

food

beverages

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31
Q

all the ways water can be excreted

A

expired air

insensible respiration

sweat

urine

feces

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32
Q

every time that the heat contracts, how much of the blood forced out of the head goes to the kidneys?

A

21%

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33
Q

each minute, how much blood to kidneys receive?

how much urine will they make out of it per minute?

A

5 cups

1 mL per minute

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34
Q

from which artery do kidneys receive blood from the heart?

A

the renal artery

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35
Q

the blood that is clean (removed waste) leaves the kidneys through which vein?=

A

the renal vein

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36
Q

through what does the urine leave the kidneys to go to the bladder?

A

via the ureter

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37
Q

roles of kidneys

A

eliminating waste

controlling blood pressure

controlling blood volume

controlling the solute concentration of body fluids

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38
Q

the greater the amount of fluid, the greater or lower the amount of pressure on the walls of blood vessels?

A

the greater the amount of pressure

39
Q

the kidneys are controlled by what?

A

by secretions from the Posterior Pituitary Gland (located in the brain)

by the Adrenal Glands (sitting on top of the kidneys)

40
Q

The Posterior Pituitary Gland secretes which hormone?

what does this hormone do?

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

controls the volume of urine and its solute concentration

–> makes less urine when blood levels are low to conserve water

promotes the elimination of potassium

41
Q

The Adrenal Glands secrete which hormone?

what does this hormone do?

A

Aldosterone

controls the volume of urine and its solute concentration

–> reduces the excretion of sodium when blood levels are low

–> water follows ions, so since sodium stays more, so does water

promotes the elimination of potassium

42
Q

when does the Posterior Pituitary Gland secrete Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)?

A

when blood volume is low

or

when concentration of sodium in blood plasma is high

43
Q

natural ways to lower blood pressure

A

increase potassium intake

increase magnesium intake

reducing sodium intake

44
Q

how can cells that are more richly populated with electrolytes lower blood volume?

(when we increase potassium and magnesium intake, and maybe lower sodium intake)

A

by drawing water out of the extracellular fluid compartments and into the intracellular fluid compartments

–> Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH)

45
Q

what can water deficiency and toxicity cause?

A

fluid and electrolyte imbalance

overwhelms the capacity of our kidneys to maintain fluid and electrolyte homeostasis

46
Q

how to treat mild dehydration?

A

simple water intake

for ex: vomiting and diarrhea

47
Q

how to treat more severe cases of dehydration?

A

requires electrolytes to be replenished

48
Q

hyponatremia symptoms

A

severe headache

confusion

seizures

49
Q

hyponatremia at the cellular level

A

water leaves the intravascular and interstitial compartments and migrates into cells

50
Q

hyponatremia treatment

A

immediate medicla attention

51
Q

hyponatremia

A

a decreased concentration of sodium in the blood

52
Q

water intoxication

A

the rare condition in which body water contents are too high in all body fluid compartments

can cause hyponatremia

53
Q

when does water intoxication occur?

A

when excessive amounts of plain water is consumed in short time period

or

when the kidneys have difficulty filtering water from blood

54
Q

how is energy from the food spent?

A

spent on the chemical reactions running inside our cells

55
Q

metabolism

A

the sum of all the chemical reactions that go on in living cells

includes all reactions by which the body obtains and expends the energy from food

56
Q

high or low metabolism

A

the rate at which the chemical reactions that go on in living cells occur

57
Q

anabolic chemical reactions

A

build stuff

require energy output

reactions in which molecules are put together to build larger ones

58
Q

how much energy per day does the liver require to function?

A

380 Kcal per day

a very demanding organ

59
Q

what are the roles of the liver that we have seen so far

A

build glycogen

synthesize cholesterol

Make VLDLs

Synthesize 11 non essential amino acids

convert ammonia to urea

convert retinol into other Vitamin A

Convert vitamin d3 into an intermediate form

60
Q

how much energy per day do Kidneys require to function?

A

140 Kcal per day

61
Q

why do kidneys require so much energy?

A

converts inactive vitamin D into active form

process 5 cups of blood per minute to make urine

62
Q

the two main chemical reactions in the metabolism?

A

anabolic and catabolic chemical reactions

63
Q

catabolic chemical reactions

A

release stored chemical energy

reactions in which large molecules are broken down to smaller ones

they release energy

–> released as heat or as Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

64
Q

energy currency of the cell

A

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

65
Q

The Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) facotry of every cell

A

the mitochondria

66
Q

what do the mitochondria do?

A

they transfer the energy from macronutrients into the ATP

they also create Metabolic Water and CO2 out of this

67
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A

a highly reactive molecule ready to perform work

–> liked a compressed spring

contains about 40% of the chemical energy that was stored in the carbon hydrogen bonds of glucose

–> the rest is lost as heat

68
Q

cells that have the most mitochondria

A

muscle cells

liver cells

69
Q

cells that have the least mitochondria

A

fat cells

70
Q

why is ATP the energy currency of the cell?

A

it releases kinetic energy

they phsopshorylate muscle fibers, allowing us to move

–> with the last phospate group released from the ATP

71
Q

how does ATP work?

A

it is loaded with negative hydrogen bonds which make it highly reactive

the last phosphate bond of the ATP is released

–> released as kinetic energy

–> phsopshorylating

72
Q

what changes an enzyme’s configuration and causes them to work?

A

phsopshorylatisation

73
Q

when happens to ATP when it loses it’s last phosphate bond?

A

it turns into ADP

74
Q

what ATP synthesized from?

A

Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)

Phosphate

the reaction is made possible by the break down of macronutrients

75
Q

what uses more of the energy we consume?

A

our basal metabolism

76
Q

basal metabolism (or basal metabolic rate)

A

the energy needed to maintain life when the body is at rest

the rate of energy use for metabolism when at a 12-hour fast and respectful sleep, no physical activity or emotional excitement, and in a comfortable setting

calculates energy spent on breathing, circulating blood, and maintaining organ functions

usually expressed as kilocalories per kilogram body weight per hour

77
Q

basal metabolism (or basal metabolic rate)

A

the energy needed to maintain life when the body is at rest

the rate of energy use for metabolism when at a 12-hour fast and respectful sleep, no physical activity or emotional excitement, and in a comfortable setting

usually expressed as kilocalories per kilogram body weight per hour

78
Q

our organ with the biggest BMR?

A

the liver

79
Q

why is BMR measured only after 12 hours of fasting?

A

energy must be spent to make chemical digestion of food possible

–> enzymes allow this to happen

mechanical digestion is also energy costly

–> this is why we feel tired after big meals

80
Q

Thermic Effect of Food (TEF)

A

the estimated energy required to process food

consumes about 10% of total caloric intake

81
Q

some people can eat a lot and not gain weight

others can be way more sensitive

what influences our Basal Metabolic Rate?

A

body composition

sex

body surface area

age

height

environment

quality of our diet

82
Q

some people can eat a lot and not gain weight

others can be way more sensitive

what influences our Basal Metabolic Rate?

A

body composition

sex

body surface area

age

height

83
Q

the more muscle tissue we have, the more or less our BMR?

A

the more

84
Q

why does a taller person of the same weight have a higher BMR than another person that is shorter and of same weight?

A

because the taller one has more surface area from which heat can escape

–> to maintain body temperature, the taller body needs more energy

85
Q

why does a taller person of the same weight have a higher BMR than another person that is shorter and of same weight?

A

because the taller one has more surface area from which heat can escape

–> to maintain body temperature,

86
Q

environment as a factor influencing BMR includes what?

A

us in the womb

us as infants and growing up

us as adults

87
Q

role of the environment as a factor influencing BMR

explain how the development of sweat glands in babies work in a hot and cold environment

A

babies in hot environment will develop more functional sweat glands in a hotter environment

the colder the environment, the fewer the number of adult sweat glands

88
Q

why do people with more functional sweat glands have less chance of dying from heat stress?

A

because they can cool the body more effectively

89
Q

the thrifty gene theory

A

fetuses deprived of calories lower their BMR because they predict and environment of food scarcity

90
Q

role of our diets in influencing our BMRs

A

our nutrients can change our gene expression

epigenetics

91
Q

in which two ways do the relationship between diets and genes go?

A

nutrigenomics

nutrigenetics

92
Q

in which two ways do the relationship between diets and genes go?

A

nutrigenomics

nutrigenics

93
Q

nutrigenomics

A

studies how food can affect gene expression

94
Q

nutrigenetics

A

studies how genes influence how nutrients are metabolized

Biol 203 (12 decks)

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