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Biol 203 > chapter 3: basic chemistry and organ systems > Flashcards

chapter 3: basic chemistry and organ systems Flashcards

1
Q

how many of the elements in the periodic table are essential for life?

A

25%

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2
Q

matter

A

anything that takes up space

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3
Q

smallest unit of matter

A

the atom

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4
Q

molecule

A

two or more atoms of the same or different elements joined by chemical bonds

ex: H2O

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5
Q

compound

A

a substance composed of two or more different atoms

ex: H2O too

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6
Q

valence electrons

A

electrons located on the outermost shell of an atom

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7
Q

valence shell

A

outermost shell of an atom

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8
Q

an atom’s quest in life

A

to have fully occupied valence shells

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9
Q

covalent bond

A

strong chemical bonds formed between atoms by sharing electrons

the strongest of all bonds

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10
Q

ionic bonds

A

bonds formed when one atom gives up one or more electrons to another atom

not as strong as covalent bonds

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11
Q

atomic nucleus

A

the center of an atom

made up of protons and neutrons

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12
Q

what is a solution?

A

an evenly distributed mixture of two or more compounds

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13
Q

the major component of a solution

A

the solvent

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14
Q

the minor component of a solution

A

the solute

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15
Q

in an aqueous solution, which is the solvent?

A

water

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16
Q

explain the blood cells and how the get their nutrients

A

there is plasma on the edges of the veins

in the plasma, there are nutrients for the blood cells

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17
Q

electronegativity

A

an atom’s attraction for electrons in the chemical bond

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18
Q

the more electronegative a atom, how hard is the pull?

A

the more strongly it pulls shared electrons

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19
Q

the oxygen atom is electronegative?

A

yeee

the most electronegative

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20
Q

polar moleculess

A

have a partial positive charge on one part of the molecule and a partial negative charge in another part

molecules with partial charges created by electronegative atoms

interact with other polar molecules to form weak hydrogen bonds

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21
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

a type of bond between electronegative atom and a hydrogen atom bonded to another electronegative atom

can occur between molecules (as in water) or within parts of of a single molecule (as in protein)

22
Q

the solubility of solutes

A

shows how easily it dissolves in a liquid solvent

23
Q

why or lipids non polar molecules? what does this mean?

A

they have almost no oxygen

then cant socialize with water

24
Q

should we rinse pasta with cold water?

why?

A

noooo

because the starch will leave and our past will not be sticky anymore

25
Q

enzymes

A

help digest foods into smaller fragments

they are proteins

they can easily dissolve in water

without enzymes, absorption of nutrients would be impossible

always have very specific three dimensional shapes that only allow certain compounds to bond

26
Q

how are enzymes held together?

this is the result of what?

A

by hydrogen bonds

the result of hydrogen bonds

this means we can easily change enzyme’s shape

27
Q

the PH of fluids

A

the unit of measure expressing a substance acidity or alkalinity

crucial in activating enzymes to facilitate digestion

28
Q

why will a mouth enzyme work in the mouth to digest food but not in stomach?

A

because of change in pH levels

29
Q

the pH scale

A

a measure of concentration of hydrogen ions

ranges from 0 to 14

hydrogen ions interfere with hydrogen bonds

30
Q

the digestive system

A

set of organs that work cooperatively to digest food and deliver nutrients

31
Q

tissue

A

collection of cells

32
Q

organs

A

collection of tissues

cooperate together to keep us alive

33
Q

types of tissues

A

epithelial

connective

muscle

neural

34
Q

epithelial tissue

A

makes the lining of the entire alimentary canal

allow the smooth passage for food

synthesize and excrete enzymes for digestion

absorb nutrients

like a carpet made up of cells

35
Q

connective, muscle, neural tissues

A

make up the organs

36
Q

transit time of food in digestive system

A

24 to 72 hours

37
Q

the functions of the digestive system

A
  1. digestion
  2. absorption
  3. elimination
38
Q

the substances released in digestion

A

enzymes

hormones

mucus

39
Q

mouth and stomach’s role in food

A

perform both chemical and mechanical breakdown of food

muscular contractions churn the food

stomach turns food into chyme

teaspoons of time at a time slowly move into the small intestine

40
Q

the architecture of the small intestines

A

Folds along the lumen

these fold have tiny finger like projections called villi

very high turnover if cells

41
Q

role of small intestinal villi

A

lined with epithelial cells

absorb nutrients quickly

42
Q

what is absorption?

A

the transfer of nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract into blood or lymph vessels

43
Q

the accessory organs

A

pancreas

gallbladder

liver

44
Q

the hepatic portal vein

A

the vessel that brings nutrients from intestines to the liver

45
Q

what eliminates the solid waste?

A

the large intestine

–> it absorbs water and minerals

46
Q

large intestine microbes

A

400 species

we can help them with probiotic foods

47
Q

the pump to keep the blood moving through the system

A

blood

48
Q

the main boys in the network of blood vessels

A

arteries

arterioles

capillaries

venules

veins

49
Q

arteries

A

large enough to see in naked eye and can hold in hand

50
Q

arterioles

A

they be small

what gives the nutrients to our cells

51
Q

can we see a blood capillary?

A

nah

they be microscopic

Biol 203 (12 decks)

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