chapter 3: basic chemistry and organ systems Flashcards
how many of the elements in the periodic table are essential for life?
25%
matter
anything that takes up space
smallest unit of matter
the atom
molecule
two or more atoms of the same or different elements joined by chemical bonds
ex: H2O
compound
a substance composed of two or more different atoms
ex: H2O too
valence electrons
electrons located on the outermost shell of an atom
valence shell
outermost shell of an atom
an atom’s quest in life
to have fully occupied valence shells
covalent bond
strong chemical bonds formed between atoms by sharing electrons
the strongest of all bonds
ionic bonds
bonds formed when one atom gives up one or more electrons to another atom
not as strong as covalent bonds
atomic nucleus
the center of an atom
made up of protons and neutrons
what is a solution?
an evenly distributed mixture of two or more compounds
the major component of a solution
the solvent
the minor component of a solution
the solute
in an aqueous solution, which is the solvent?
water
explain the blood cells and how the get their nutrients
there is plasma on the edges of the veins
in the plasma, there are nutrients for the blood cells
electronegativity
an atom’s attraction for electrons in the chemical bond
the more electronegative a atom, how hard is the pull?
the more strongly it pulls shared electrons
the oxygen atom is electronegative?
yeee
the most electronegative
polar moleculess
have a partial positive charge on one part of the molecule and a partial negative charge in another part
molecules with partial charges created by electronegative atoms
interact with other polar molecules to form weak hydrogen bonds
hydrogen bonds
a type of bond between electronegative atom and a hydrogen atom bonded to another electronegative atom
can occur between molecules (as in water) or within parts of of a single molecule (as in protein)
the solubility of solutes
shows how easily it dissolves in a liquid solvent
why or lipids non polar molecules? what does this mean?
they have almost no oxygen
then cant socialize with water
should we rinse pasta with cold water?
why?
noooo
because the starch will leave and our past will not be sticky anymore
enzymes
help digest foods into smaller fragments
they are proteins
they can easily dissolve in water
without enzymes, absorption of nutrients would be impossible
always have very specific three dimensional shapes that only allow certain compounds to bond
how are enzymes held together?
this is the result of what?
by hydrogen bonds
the result of hydrogen bonds
this means we can easily change enzyme’s shape
the PH of fluids
the unit of measure expressing a substance acidity or alkalinity
crucial in activating enzymes to facilitate digestion
why will a mouth enzyme work in the mouth to digest food but not in stomach?
because of change in pH levels
the pH scale
a measure of concentration of hydrogen ions
ranges from 0 to 14
hydrogen ions interfere with hydrogen bonds
the digestive system
set of organs that work cooperatively to digest food and deliver nutrients
tissue
collection of cells
organs
collection of tissues
cooperate together to keep us alive
types of tissues
epithelial
connective
muscle
neural
epithelial tissue
makes the lining of the entire alimentary canal
allow the smooth passage for food
synthesize and excrete enzymes for digestion
absorb nutrients
like a carpet made up of cells
connective, muscle, neural tissues
make up the organs
transit time of food in digestive system
24 to 72 hours
the functions of the digestive system
- digestion
- absorption
- elimination
the substances released in digestion
enzymes
hormones
mucus
mouth and stomach’s role in food
perform both chemical and mechanical breakdown of food
muscular contractions churn the food
stomach turns food into chyme
teaspoons of time at a time slowly move into the small intestine
the architecture of the small intestines
Folds along the lumen
these fold have tiny finger like projections called villi
very high turnover if cells
role of small intestinal villi
lined with epithelial cells
absorb nutrients quickly
what is absorption?
the transfer of nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract into blood or lymph vessels
the accessory organs
pancreas
gallbladder
liver
the hepatic portal vein
the vessel that brings nutrients from intestines to the liver
what eliminates the solid waste?
the large intestine
–> it absorbs water and minerals
large intestine microbes
400 species
we can help them with probiotic foods
the pump to keep the blood moving through the system
blood
the main boys in the network of blood vessels
arteries
arterioles
capillaries
venules
veins
arteries
large enough to see in naked eye and can hold in hand
arterioles
they be small
what gives the nutrients to our cells
can we see a blood capillary?
nah
they be microscopic
