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Biol 203 > Chapter 7: Vitamins > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

Do we have micro nutrient deficiency disease problems nowadays?

A

Yes

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2
Q

The resentment harbored toward macro nutrients in particular carbs and fat is it consequence of what?

A

Is a consequence of our ability to absorb nearly all macro nutrients

Indeed we can hold nearly unlimited amount of fat and having 10 sweet cravings because our bodies need fuel for cellular work

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3
Q

What is the term used to define the fickle nature of the absorption of vitamins

How much a vitamin or mineral is absorbed

A

Bio availability

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4
Q

The amount of vitamins we absorb is depending on what

A

what we ate

how it was cooked

how it was processed

our physiology

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5
Q

True or false

micro nutrients vary in their bio availability

A

True

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6
Q

What can inadvertently eliminate or enhance the bio availability of a vitamin within a particular food

A

The processing of such food

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7
Q

What are the deficiency diseases caused by the absence of thiamine, niacin, and vitamin C

A

Betiberi

pellagra

scurvy

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8
Q

The root cause of thiamin and niacin deficiencies can be traced to what

A

They can be traced to how staple grains were processed

Indeed the embryo and run of seeds are rich in thiamine

—> The practice of removing the brown layer from greens was adopted in the early 19 century because it reduced losses due to spoilage (takes of the thiamin)

—> This loss is aluminate the most significant plant derived sources of time in in the diet causing deficiency to appear at the population level almost overnight

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9
Q

How can we avoid vitamin deficiency diseases

A

By having a diet that is diverse

By eating nutrient dense food

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10
Q

What is the main vitamin today there is a cause or a reason for having a deficiency disease?

A

Vitamin A

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11
Q

What is the importance of vitamin A?

A

It is crucial for the proper development of the epithelial cells

–> blanket the surface of the body, line the inside of lungs, digestive tract, blood vessels, fallopian tubes etc.

Basically crucial for the development of epithelial cells

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12
Q

What happens if we don’t have enough vitamin A? Why?

A

Pathogens can easily invade the body

This is because vitamin A creates the epithelial tissue which is a shield to the outside world

The stomach and get pretty messed up too

If we lack vitamin A, we have a deficiency and everything else too

Keratinization of the skin

It makes us lack mucus which is what makes the eye not being able to wash itself which then makes us blind if it goes overboard

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13
Q

How can we obtain vitamin A outside of the animal kingdom

A

From a precursor vitamin A (also called provitamin) called beta carotene

Once absorbed, beta carotene along with a few other carotenoids can be converted to vitamin A

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14
Q

What are carotenoids

A

They are pigments that give fruits, leaves, and tubers their orange, red, or yellow hue

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15
Q

What is golden rice and what is its purpose

A

It is a genetically modified rice that carries genes to synthesize beta carotene and store it in the endosperm of rice

—> Also uses bio fortification

Part of the efforts to eradicate vitamin A deficiencies on a global scale

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16
Q

What does it fortification of food Involve

A

It involves adding vitamins and/or minerals to processed foods as a method to reduce risks of deficiency diseases at the population level

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17
Q

What is bio fortification

A

Insert genes rather than nutrients into a plant to yield beta carotene

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18
Q

In developed countries what type of fortifications have we seen

A

The addition of vitamin D in milk to prevent rickets in small children

The fortification of wheat products with folic acid to reduce rates of congenital defects Caused by spinal bifida

Vitamin 12 to a range of processed foods consumed by vegans as this vitamin is entirely outside in plant-based food

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19
Q

What are the modern challenges to food fortification

A

The modern trends such as dropping the milk in alternative food group and abandoning all things grain and an emergent a version of genetically modified foods

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20
Q

What are the three types of vitamins that plants can carry (depending on the type) and why do they carry them

A

Leaves have Carotenoids

Fruits have vitamin C

Seeds have vitamin E

They are all antioxidants that protect plant tissues from free radicals

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21
Q

Nutrient dense food

A

Food that has a higher amount of nutrients per kilo calorie

It is not the same as energy dense food because this means that it has a higher amount of calories

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22
Q

Linolenic acid (omega 3) RDA

A
  1. 6 g for men

1. 1g for women

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23
Q

Threonine RDA

A

46g

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24
Q

Thiamin RDA

A

1.1 mg

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25
Q

Riboflavin RDA

A

1.1 mg

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26
Q

Niacin RDA

A

14 mg

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27
Q

Calcium RDA

A

1000 mg

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28
Q

Chromium RDA

A

25 ug

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29
Q

Where do the natural sources of vitamins come from

A

From the four kingdoms

Plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria

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30
Q

Which type of four main sources can we get our vitamins from

A

Natural sources

synthetic

fortification

enrichment

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31
Q

Enrichment

A

A food that has nutrients added back that were lost during processing

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32
Q

How are vitamins usually classed

A

In terms of solubility

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33
Q

Water soluble vitamins

A

Vitamin B and vitamins C

Easily transported in blood

Can be found in the water compartments of the bod

Easily excreted in urine

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34
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

A

Vitamins A, E, D, and K

In the body, they are pocketed in chylomicrons and then they are stored in fatty tissue

Because they cannot be easily excreted in urine, they can accumulate in the body and cause toxicity

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35
Q

What does our absorption of vitamins depend on

A

Our physiological needs such as age diet and gender, pregnancy status

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36
Q

What are the forms in which we can find vitamin A

A

Retinol

Retinal

Retinoic acid

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37
Q

Retinol

A

The form we observe from vitamin A rich animal food

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38
Q

How is the amount of vitamin A in a food expressed as?

A

RAE (Retinal activity equivalents)

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39
Q

How are the amounts of beta carotene calculated

A

Calculated on the amount of retinol they use

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40
Q

Beta carotene

A

A lipid soluble

Bio availability increases if sautéed in butter or oil

An orange yellow pigment

41
Q

What are the major functions of vitamin A and beta carotene

A

Cell differentiation

Vision

Antioxidant function

42
Q

Cell differentiation

A

The process by which immature sells develop specific functions different from those of the original their characteristic of their mature type of cell soul

Basically cells divide and form an identity

43
Q

a free radical

A

A molecule filled with one or more unpaired electrons

Causes the atom to become unstable and highly reactive

44
Q

How to stop the negative affects of free radicals

A

Antioxidants donate electrons to free radicals

45
Q

What makes vitamin D

A

Sunlight + cholesterol + body heat

46
Q

What prevents us from synthesizing vitamin D and why?

A

Sunscreen, air pollution, tall buildings, and clothing

These are all stop UV radiation

47
Q

What is the problem with vitamin D regarding our diet

A

It is not a common vitamin in food

48
Q

Roles of vitamin D

A

Bone development

Vitamin D can regulate cell growth

It could perhaps have fighting cancer properties

49
Q

How does vitamin D relate with bone growth

A

Vitamin D increases the bio availability of calcium

When we don’t have enough vitamin D the intestine absorbs only 10% to 15% of the calcium and foods

—> When we do you have vitamin D absorption can increase up all the way to 80%

—> calcium is deposited in bones

50
Q

The two types of vitamn Ds useful to us

A

Vitamin D3 (inactive form) which is used to fortify milk and other dairy products

The active vitamin D form call calcitriol

51
Q

How do we characterize Rickets and what is the cause of it

A

A deficiency characterized mostly in children by bowed legs

Lack of vitamin D

52
Q

Osteomalacia

A

The adult form of rickets which can lead to osteoporosis

A bone disease characterized by softening of the bones

Symptoms include bending of the spine and bowing of the legs

Occurs more often in adult woman

53
Q

What can happen if you get too much vitamin D

A

Can make us have too much calcium

This excess calcium is deposited in soft tissues of the body including arteries and kidneys which can then cause damage

Impossible to be caused by the sun

54
Q

What can happen without Vitamin E

A

Can cause the red blood cells to break open and spill their content

Free radicals can also oxidize LDL deposited in plaque

55
Q

The main functions of vitamin E

A

Major fat soluble antioxidant found in cells

Protects PUFAs in cell membranes from being damaged by free radicals

56
Q

What is Vitamin K important for

A

It is important for the synthesis of blood clotting factors

—> without it, a minor cut could prove fatal

57
Q

What synthesizes vitamin K

A

It is synthesized by the bacteria living in the large intestine

The rest of supplied by the diet

58
Q

Vitamin K deficiency in infants

A

Can occur in infants because newborns have sterile intestines (no bacteria)

Children are at risk for vitamin K deficiency bleeding (VKDB)

Babies are given a single dose of Vitamin K at birth

—> they are in a sense, fortified

59
Q

What are B vitamins crucial for

A

Crucial for energy metabolism

Support the generation of energy from macro nutrients

Without B vitamins your body you can be lacking energy

60
Q

Energy metabolism

A

The sum total of all chemical reactions that go on in living cells

Includes all the reactions by which the body obtains and expo09mands the energy from food

61
Q

What are the common features all B vitamins share

A

They work with coenzymes

B vitamins bind with coenzymes to activate them to enable chemical reactions

If it doesn’t bind to the coenzyme l, it will remain inactive, which will then prevent it from doing a chemical reaction

62
Q

How did we discover in the 1980s that indeed, we needed thiamin?

A

Since people would only eat white rice in a lot of Asian territories including prisoners and the poor, a vitamin B deficiency disease came about and affected chickens too

The chicken symptoms of beri beri where eradicated once they ate the bran from the refinement of rice

63
Q

What are the effects if beri beri

A

Weakness

Memory loss

Weight loss

64
Q

Wernicke korsakoff

A

Another deadly form of thiamin deficiency

Alcohol interferes with thiamin absorption

Related to chronic alcoholism

65
Q

Deficiency or riboflavin symptoms

A

Weakness

Inflamed tongues

Sores on edges of lips

66
Q

What does light do to riboflavin

A

It destroys it

67
Q

What amino acid is used to produce niacin

What else can supply it

A

Tryptophan

Our diet can also supply it

68
Q

Which deficiency disease is associated with a lack if niacin and what are the effects

A

Pellagra

Dementia

Dermatitis

Diarrhea

69
Q

How can we free niacin from complex carbs and proteins

A

Using acidic substances such as lime

70
Q

Why is Vitamin B6 crucial

A

It works as a coenzyme for over 100 enzymes

Needed for energy metabolism

Needed for amino acid metabolism

Needed cor Heme synthesis

It is necessary for the making of the non-essential amino acids

Converting tryptophan into niacin requires Vitamin B6

Needed to keep levels of Homocysteine low by converting it back into methionine

71
Q

Con of Vitamin B6

A

In large amounts, it can be toxic as fuck

72
Q

Homocysteine

A

It is used to covert the essential amino acid Methionine into the non essential amino acid Cysteine

It is a toxic thingy

73
Q

Why does Homocysteine contribute to CVD

A

Anything that causes irritation to blood vessels leading to inflammation increases the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases

74
Q

Heme

A

The iron in foods that is bound to haemoglobin in myoglobin proteins

Find only meat, fish, poultry, and eggs

Binds the four polypeptides to the homeglobin

75
Q

What happens if we lack Heme because we lack Vitamin B6

A

Anemia because the RBCs is smaller than normal

Anything that compromises the ability of your red blood cells to carry the max load of blood will lead to anemia

76
Q

The three key roles of folate

A

Energy metabolism

Amino acid metabolism

DNA metabolism (most important)

77
Q

Folate deficiency

A

Affects cells that divide rapidly

—> basically, in early pregnancy

—> will affect the neural tube
——> spina bifida
——> anencephaly

Red blood cells also divide quick

—> lack makes large immature RBCs which makes cells get less oxygen

78
Q

Spina bifeda

A

The tube fails to close properly

One of the most common types of neural tube defect’s

Characterized by the incomplete closer of the spinal cord and it’s bony encasement

79
Q

Anencephaly

A

Brain is malformed are missing

An uncommon and always fatal type of neural tube defect

80
Q

Importance of Vitamin B12

A

Energy metabolism

DNA metabolism

Amino acid metabolism

Also necessary for nerve cells by maintaining myelin sheaths

81
Q

what happens if we lack Vitamin B12

A

maintaining myelin sheaths gradually undergo destruction

–> can lead to Neuropathy

82
Q

Neuropathy

A

degeneration of the spinal chord

83
Q

Vitamin B12 absorption

A

in food, this vitamin is bound to proteins that prevent its absorption

  1. HCI and Pepsin reales B12 from the protein
  2. B12 binds to intrinsic factor (IF), a protein produced by stomach cells

–> without IF, the absorption of B12 is impossible, even with supplements

  1. reaches the ileum where it can be absorbed
84
Q

pernicious anemia

A

caused by a lack of the protein intrinsic factor (IF) not being produced or having the wrong shape because of incorrectly placed amino acids

commonly affects the elderly

85
Q

percentage of people over 50 vitamin B12 deficient

A

15%

86
Q

Pantothenic acid and Biotin

A

deficiencies are rare

abundant in food

requirements are low

Biotin is synthesized by our gut microbes

87
Q

The best known deficiency disease

A

scurvy

88
Q

best way to prevent scurvy

why?

A

eating oranges and lemons because they are loaded with ascorbic acid

89
Q

what is Vitamin C best know for

A

for its anti oxidant power

–> donates electrons to free radicals

90
Q

Which group of people is encouraged to increase Vitamin C intake beyond RDA

A

smokers

91
Q

vitamins that play an essential role in energy metabolism

A

B6 and B12

92
Q

vitamins that play an essential role in blood health

A

Vitamine B6

Vitamin B12

Folate

Vitamin K

93
Q

vitamin that plays essential role in Vision

A

Vitamin A

94
Q

vitamins that play an essential role in amino acid Metabolism

A

Vitamine B6

Vitamin B12

Folate

95
Q

vitamins that play an essential role in growth and development

A

Vitamine B6

Vitamin A

Folate

Vitamin D

96
Q

vitamins that play an essential role in DNA metabolism

A

Vitamin B12

Folate

97
Q

vitamins that play an essential role in bone health

A

Vitamins D and C

98
Q

vitamins that play an essential role in anti oxidation

A

Vitamins C, E, and carotenoids

Biol 203 (12 decks)

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