before final Flashcards
high quality protein includes what
meats
soy products and quinoa
does rice have gluten?
nah
Amino acids have a nitrogen-containing component as part of their chemical makeup. When amino acids are deaminated, the nitrogen-containing component is removed and converted into ammonia. What happens to the ammonia?
a) Ammonia is converted to urea and excreted in the urine.
b) Ammonia is broken down into carbon and oxygen, which are excreted by the lungs.
c) Ammonia is metabolized for energy.
d) Ammonia is used to detoxify the liver.
a) Ammonia is converted to urea and excreted in the urine.
Each amino acid contains three different groups of atoms. Match the group with its role or defining characteristic.
part:
Amino group
R group
Carbon skeleton
characteristic:
Contains the nitrogen atom
Can be converted to glucose and used for energy
Differs with each amino acid
Amino group: Contains the nitrogen atom
R group: Differs with each amino acid
Carbon skeleton: Can be converted to glucose and used for energy
The nitrogen atom is in the amino group.
The R group identifies the molecule as a particular amino acid.
The carbon skeleton is an important component of an amino acid because the body can convert the carbon skeletons of certain amino acids to glucose and use the simple sugar for energy
Foods differ in their protein quality. A complete protein provides adequate amounts of all essential amino acids. An incomplete protein lacks adequate amounts of one or more of the essential amino acids. Which of the following foods contains incomplete protein?
A sandwich made with turkey
A handful of peanuts
A cup of soy milk
A casserole made with quinoa
A handful of peanuts
Celiac disease is a condition characterized by destruction of intestinal villi and poor nutrient absorption. A person with celiac disease should avoid all of the following meals EXCEPT _______.
barley soup
a rueben sandwich on rye bread
a muffin made with wheat bran
a casserole made with quinoa, milk, and cheese
a casserole made with quinoa, milk, and cheese
When a person eats more protein than his or her body needs, the extra protein is _______.
used to form extra large muscles
converted to glucose or fat
not absorbed
stored in muscle tissue for future use
converted to glucose or fat
Excess dietary protein and amino acids _______.
can be used for energy
make hair grow faster
cause weight loss
build muscle
can be used for energy
______ is the process of removing nitrogen from an amino acid
Transamination
Denaturation
Hydrogenation
Deamination
Deamination
Which of the following physical states is characterized by positive nitrogen balance?
Starvation
Illness
Puberty
Marasmus
Puberty
Which of the following foods is a source of complementary protein?
Trail mix made with cashews, raisins, almonds, honey, and dried banana flakes
Leafy greens salad topped with peanuts
Whole-wheat bread with an apricot spread
Mashed chickpeas spread on pita bread
Mashed chickpeas spread on pita bread
Which of the following foods is a source of high-quality protein that a vegan would eat?
Yogurt
Brown rice
Quinoa
Sweet potatoes
Quinoa
The only sources of retinoids, also called ___, are animal foods, including liver and fish.
also called preformed vitamin A
Other carotenoids include zeaxanthin and ___, which help maintain good eye health.
lutein
megaloblastic anemia
folate-deficiency condition
cells that would normally mature into red blood cells cannot form DNA to divide and mature properly
the blood’s capacity to carry oxygen is reduced
Pernicious anemia is due to what
lack of Vitamin B 12
To be classified as a vitamin, a compound must generally meet certain criteria. Check all that apply.
Check All That Apply
The substance cannot be made in the body.
The body requires the substance for maintaining good health
Absence of the compound from the diet for a defined period produces deficiency symptoms that, if caught in time, are quickly cured when the substance is resupplied.
A synthetic version of the compound is available in a dietary supplement
The body requires the substance for maintaining good health
Absence of the compound from the diet for a defined period produces deficiency symptoms that, if caught in time, are quickly cured when the substance is resupplied.
Certain vitamins or provitamins have antioxidant properties that help protect against free radical damage to cells. Check all of the following substances that have antioxidant activity.
Check All That Apply
Niacin
Beta-carotene
Vitamin E
Vitamin C
Beta-carotene
Vitamin E
Vitamin C
Why are older people at increased risk for vitamin B-12 deficiency compared to younger people?
As you age, your stomach produces less acid, which limits cleavage of vitamin B-12 from food.
As you age, your metabolism slows and a rapid metabolism is required for optimal vitamin B-12 absorption.
As you age, your macula begins to turn yellow-a sign of excessive folate absorption, which masks vitamin B-12 deficiency.
As you age, your bones become more porous; porous bones do not absorb vitamin B-12 as well as dense bones do.
As you age, your stomach produces less acid, which limits cleavage of vitamin B-12 from food.
Ryan is interested in conserving the vitamin content in his fresh fruits and vegetables. All of the following practices help maintain foods’ vitamin content EXCEPT _______.
Multiple Choice
cutting vegetables just before cooking/serving
cooking vegetables in a small amount of water
cutting vegetables into large chunks before cooking
storing fresh produce in a warm, dry, and well-lit place
cutting vegetables into large chunks before cooking
storing fresh produce in a warm, dry, and well-lit place
Some dietary fat helps the body absorb fat-soluble nutrients, including the provitamin beta-carotene. Most fruits and vegetables that are good sources of beta-carotene are low in fat or fat-free. How can you enhance the body’s absorption of beta-carotene when preparing low-fat foods that contain this provitamin?
You can eat fruits and vegetables with a source of iron because the mineral enhances fat-soluble pro-vitamin uptake.
You can add margarine or butter to vegetables during cooking.
You can add olive oil or margarine to vegetables after they are cooked.
You can wash fruits and vegetables before cooking.
You can add olive oil or margarine to vegetables after they are cooked.
Of the following medicinal uses of vitamin megadoses, which is the only one for which scientific research indicates there is some benefit?
Folic acid, vitamin B-12, and vitamin B-6 to reduce heart disease risk by lowering homocysteine levels
Vitamin B-6 to reduce symptoms of premenstrual syndrome
Vitamin C to lessen symptoms of the common cold
Vitamin E to reduce heart disease
Vitamin C to lessen symptoms of the common cold
Most B vitamins function as _______.
intermediates
antioxidants
metabolites
coenzymes
coenzymes
n food, vitamin B-12 is naturally bound to
animal protein
While in your ___, vitamin B-12 binds to intrinsic factor, forming a vitamin complex.
duodenum
deficiency for thiamin
beriberi
deficiency for niacin
pellagra
deficiency for scurvy
vitamin C
According to the 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines, which of the following vitamins is a nutrient of public health concern?
Check All That Apply
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin A
Vitamin K
Vitamin D
Which of the following foods is a natural source of vitamin D?
Fatty fish
Fresh fruit
Whole-grain breads and cereals
Dark orange and yellow vegetables
Fatty fish
Which of the following statements is true?
Multiple Choice
Skin can form previtamin D after being exposed to sunlight.
Vitamin D is necessary for proper collagen formation.
Pellagra is the vitamin D deficiency disorder in adults.
Excessive intakes of vitamin D cause rickets in children.
Skin can form previtamin D after being exposed to sunlight.
true or false
Niacin is a B vitamin that is needed for energy metabolism.
true
Ron’s diet lacks niacin. He hasn’t developed pellagra, because he consumes a high-protein diet that contains plenty of ________, the precursor for niacin.
tryptophan
true or false
People can die from pellagra.
truuuu
true or false
Milk, eggs, poultry, meat, and pork are poor sources of vitamin B-12
false
Blake is a college student whose diet consists primarily of refined white bread, chicken, meat, cheese, yogurt, and milk. Furthermore, he doesn’t take dietary supplements. Based on this information, Blake has a high risk of developing ________.
beriberi
scurvy
pellagra
neural tube defects
scurvy
true or false
According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, vitamin C is a “nutrient of public health concern.”
false
Vitamins _______.
are metabolized to yield energy
occur in gram amounts in foods
are organic molecules
are macronutrients
are organic molecules
People who are unable to absorb fat are likely to develop a _______ deficiency.
vitamin A
folate
vitamin B-12
riboflavin
vitamin A
Enriched grain products have specific amounts of _______ added during processing
vitamin C
vitamin A
vitamin B-12
thiamin
thiamin
During pregnancy, excess _______ intake is known to be teratogenic.
vitamin A
biotin
vitamin K
folate
vitamin A
Major food sources of vitamin B-12 include _______.
enriched grain products
meat and milk products
fruit and vegetables
nuts and seeds
meat and milk products
Which of the following statements is false?
Intrinsic factor is needed for vitamin B-12 absorption.
Vitamin B-12 deficiency is common among elderly persons.
Patients with pernicious anemia are treated with high doses of folic acid.
If untreated, pernicious anemia can be deadly.
Patients with pernicious anemia are treated with high doses of folic acid.
Which of the following foods is a rich source of vitamin C?
Whole milk
Egg white
Hamburger patty
Green pepper
Green pepper
Which of the following foods has the lowest percentage of water?
Tomatoes
Oranges
Whole-grain bread
Vegetable oil
Vegetable oil
Which of the following foods is not a good source of calcium?
Butter
American cheese
Canned sardines
Kale
Butter
Which of the following populations has the highest risk of hypertension?
People with African-American ancestry
Young, physically active Asian men
Hispanic women who do not drink alcohol
Young adults who consume high amounts of fruit
People with African-American ancestry
The only mineral added back during enrichment of grain products is
iron
Spinach has a good amount of calcium, but the _____ in spinach binds calcium, reducing its bioavailability
oxalic acid
If calcium levels in the blood become too high, the thyroid gland secretes
calcitonin
potassium
sodium
phosphate
chloride
which are:
intracellular cation
intracellular anion
extracellular cation
extracellular anion
potassium: intracellular cation
sodium: extracellular cation
phosphate: intracellular anion
chloride: extracellular anion
In addition to water and food intake, hydration is affected by a number of other factors. Check all of the factors that have a major influence on body water losses.
Altitude
Day of the week
Alcohol and sodium intake
Humidity
Altitude
Alcohol and sodium intake
Humidity
Both dehydration and water intoxication can be harmful. Check all of the statements that apply to overconsumption of water.
Check All That Apply
Water intoxication can occur, but it is a rare condition.
Nausea and vomiting, confusion, and weight gain can result from excessive water intake.
Water intoxication can cause death when the condition raises sodium to dangerous levels in the bloodstream.
Marathon runners who consume water during competition are at risk of water intoxication.
Water intoxication can occur, but it is a rare condition.
Nausea and vomiting, confusion, and weight gain can result from excessive water intake.
Marathon runners who consume water during competition are at risk of water intoxication.
Vitamin C increases or decreases iron absorption?
increases
Camillia is iron deficient. Which of the following actions should she take to enhance her body’s iron absorption? Check all that apply.
Consuming vitamin C-rich foods or supplements along with iron-containing plant foods
Eating heme and nonheme iron foods together
Eating high-fiber foods that are rich sources of phytic and oxalic acids
Drinking tea with meals and snacks
Consuming vitamin C-rich foods or supplements along with iron-containing plant foods
Eating heme and nonheme iron foods together
Liam has a family history of cardiovascular disease and he is worried about his father, who is quite unhealthy. Liam’s father has diabetes, and Liam’s paternal grandfather (his dad’s dad) had high blood pressure, gallbladder disease, and died of a stroke. His father is a smoker who doesn’t exercise and is also thin. Which of the following are major risk factors for hypertension for Liam’s father?
Check all that apply.
Smoking
Family history of hypertension
Low body weight
Diabetes
Smoking
Family history of hypertension
Diabetes
Laura lives in a community that does not have fluoridated water. Which of the following actions can Laura take to increase her fluoride intake?
Drink tea
Eat more servings of fruit, especially organic apples
Use salt that has been fortified with fluorine
Take a fish oil supplement
Drink tea
ƒ
Food preparation and storage methods may result in considerable losses of minerals in foods. Which of the food handling/cooking methods below can result in such losses?
The use of high temperatures during cooking
Deep-fat frying
Cooking in large amounts of water
Freezing foods
Cooking in large amounts of water
Twenty-year-old Darlene is concerned about her risk of osteoporosis. She has heard that it is important for young women to consume adequate amounts of calcium, but she is not sure which foods to eat. To increase her calcium intake, which of the following foods should she choose? Check all that apply.
Spinach
Sardines
Fat-free plain yogurt
Red meat
Sardines
Fat-free plain yogurt
Red meat
Mineral nutrients can have a variety of functions in the body. Select all of the statements that apply to the major roles of minerals in the body.
Most minerals can be metabolized for energy to release approximately 2 kcal/mg.
Some minerals, including calcium and phosphorus, form structural components of tissues.
As inorganic ions, some minerals function as cofactors for chemical reactions.
Fat-soluble minerals are necessary for the digestion of lipids.
Minerals are components of certain amino acids, vitamins, and hormones.
Some minerals, including calcium and phosphorus, form structural components of tissues.
As inorganic ions, some minerals function as cofactors for chemical reactions.
Minerals are components of certain amino acids, vitamins, and hormones.
The 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines have identified nutrients of public health concern. Of the following minerals, check each one, if it has been classified as a nutrient of public health concern.
Calcium
Potassium
Sulfur
Sodium
Calcium
Potassium
Which of the following foods is most likely to support the growth of pathogens?
Overripe bananas
Pasteurized milk
Raw ground meat
Commercially canned tomato soup
Raw ground meat
Food-borne illnesses are usually characterized by ___
flu-like signs and symptoms
coughing, sneezing, and
respiratory inflammation
megaloblastic anemia and nervous system defects
abdominal cramps, diarrhea, and vomiting
abdominal cramps, diarrhea, and vomiting
In the United States, common sources of food-borne illness include all of the following, except _______.
norovirus
staphylococcus aureus
fungi
salmonella.
fungi
In the United States, _______ is responsible for most outbreaks of food-borne illness
norovirus
Clostridium botulinum
aflatoxin
E. coli
norovirus
