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Biol 203 > chapter 8: Minerals > Flashcards

chapter 8: Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

defining features of minerals

A

they are indestructible

they come from the earth, we cannot create them in a lab

no living organism can synthesize them

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2
Q

how many many minerals (and which types) do we require in our diet?

A

7 major minerals

8 trace minerals

25% if the elements found on earth are required by the human bidy

–> the bulk of these ere minerals

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3
Q

how much minerals do we require per day of each type?

A

Major minerals: over 100mg per day

Trace minerals: less than 100 mg per day

–> this does nit mean they are not important, they are just less abundant

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4
Q

which minerals combine to form our skeleton’

A

calcium and phosphorus

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5
Q

the most abundant trace mineral

A

Iron

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6
Q

intracellular fluid

A

fluid within cells

usually high in potassium and phosphate

accounts for approximately two thirds of the body’s water

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7
Q

interstitial fluid

A

fluid between the cells (intercellular)

usually high in sodium and chloride

large component of intracellular fluid

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8
Q

intravascular fluid

A

located within the cardiovascular system or lymphatic system

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9
Q

our principle source of minerals

A

food

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10
Q

what does “hard water” contain?

A

calcium and magnesium

the more minerals there are in water, the “harder it is”

–> can smell and taste unpleasant

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11
Q

what does “soft water” contain?

A

it is treated with sodium or potassium

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12
Q

downside to soft water

A

being high in sodium, can increase hypertension

–> hard water could reduce it

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13
Q

the final source of minerals

A

dietary supplemtens

–> it is easy to consume a toxic amount

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14
Q

what does the bio availability of minerals depend on?

A

our physiological needs

–> depends on age, gender, diet, and pregnancy status

the source of the minerals is also important

–> for some, it is more bio available in animal based foods, while other in plants

the combination of the foods we ate can affect the bioavailability of our minerals

the presence of other minerals can affect mineral bioavailability

–> the can often compete with each other for absorption

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15
Q

binding factors and minerals

A

the bind minerals together

–> it prevents their absorption

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16
Q

the most common mineral element in the body

A

calcium

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17
Q

proportion of calcium found in bones and teeth

A

more than 99%

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18
Q

what does calcium do?

A

maintains the structural integrity of bones

–> calcium in bones acts as a reservoirs for when blood calcium levels drop

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19
Q

what do neurons rely on to be able to communicate with other neurons?

A

they rely on blood calcium

–> found in extracellular fluid compartments in ionic form

–> this ionic form is blood calcium

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20
Q

synaptic cleft

A

the space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic cells

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21
Q

how is blood calcium crucial for neuron communication?

A
  1. electric signals open protein channels for calcium to flood into the presynaptic neuron
  2. once inside, it allows the neurotransmitters to spill into the synaptic cleft

–> without calcium, the neurotransmitters are not released

  1. an electrical signal is generated and it runs down to the next neuron
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22
Q

what are convulsions a sign of?

A

a sign of depleted blood calcium levels

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23
Q

osteoclasts cells

A

the specialized cells in bones that break down bone tissue to release calcium

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24
Q

osteoblasts cells

A

the specialized bone cells that build bone tissue

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25
Q

how does bone calcium leave bones to go to blood calcium when the latter’s levels drop’

A

bone is demineralized to liberate calcium into blood

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26
Q

who build bones and have very active osteoblasts cells?

A

children

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27
Q

who simply repair damage to existing bones?

A

adults

–> as we age, the activity of osteoblasts cells declines

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28
Q

why do we lose bones when we age?

A

as we age, the activity of osteoblasts (building of bones) cells declines

osteoclasts (degrading of bone tissue) cells still function properly tho

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29
Q

what maintains calcium homeostasis? how?

A

the thyroid and parathyroid glands

–> they regulate the activity of osteoclasts cells and osteoblasts cells

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30
Q

anatomy of a thyroid gland

A

is is butterfly shaped

wraps itself around the trachea

it is intimately associated with blood vessels

the parathyroid glands (4 of them) are behind it

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31
Q

role the parathyroid glands with the thyroid gland?

A

they synthesize the hormones released by the thyroid gland into the blood

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32
Q

calcium homeostasis

A

equal levels of osteoclasts cells and osteoblasts cells activity

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33
Q

the process of stabilizing the falling blood calcium levels

A
  1. parathyroid glands secrete PTH
  2. PTH stimulates activation of vitamin D in kidneys
  3. the PTH and Vitamin D work together to decrease the amount of urine excreted in urine
  4. Vitamin D travels to small intestine and increases the bioavailability of calcium

–> this makes the blood calcium levels rise immediately

  1. the PTH and Vitamin D work together to stimulate osteoclasts to break down bone
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34
Q

rising calcium levels are only a concern for whom?

A

for children

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35
Q

why is the best source of calcium dairy?

A

it has the highest amount of calcium per serving and relatively high bioavailability

a single serving of milk provides 96 mg of calcium

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36
Q

the faith of calcium is determined by what?

A

determined by the work of the parathyroid glands

–> the orchestrate how much is absorbed, circulated, deposited, and eliminated

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37
Q

which other nutrient can alter and mess up calcium homeostasis?

how?

A

sodium

excess salt intakes forces the kidneys to increase urine production in an effort to eliminate excess sodium

–> this makes us lose calcium as well

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38
Q

peak bone mass

A

the highest attainable bone density achieved in the first 3 decades of an individual’s life

the period in our life in which we achieved the greatest amount of bone

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39
Q

regardless of gender, when does bone density begin to drop?

A

after the age of 30

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40
Q

why do women lose even more bone mass after menopause?

A

because estrogen is a hormone that decreases osteoclast activity

after menopause, there is no more estrogen, which increases even more the osteoclast activity

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41
Q

osteoporosis

A

a disease in which bones become fragile

there can be easy fractures too

shrinking in height is a clear sign

–> happens to a collapse of the vertebrae (which can cause extreme pain)

happens mostly of woman

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42
Q

best way to minimize the risk of osteoporosis

A
  1. maximize peak bone mass in early adulthood
  2. resistance exercise well into older age
  3. meet the RDA for calcium

–> helps maintain blood calcium levels and keep bones dense

after decades of low calcium intake, osteoporosis becomes more likely

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43
Q

how much of phosphorus is stored in bones (proportionally)?

where is the rest found?

A

85% stored in bones

the remaining 15% is found in the intracellular fluid compartment

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44
Q

is it easy to get phosphorus deficient? why?

A

no bruv

because it is in nearly everything we eat

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45
Q

what is the link between phosphorus and tooth decay.?

A

too much of an increase in phosphorus intake (with soft drinks for example) and lack of calcium intake will cause teeth to decay

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46
Q

proportion of magnesium found in bones?

where is the rest found?

A

more than 50%

the rest is found inside of cells

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47
Q

role of magnesium

A

influences the formation of hydroxyapatite crystals

is also an important intracellular ion

–> is found inside of cells

48
Q

what is magnesium in plants associated with?

A

in the green pigment chlorophyll

–> any deep green leafy vegetable is a good source of magnesium

–> legumes too

49
Q

where does our body get its magnesium we fail to meet our required RDA for this mineral or we just don’t take enough?

A

our body will take it from our bones

50
Q

what is the mix (compound) that makes table salt?

where can both these minerals be found in our body?

A

sodium chloride

in the extracellular fluid compartments

51
Q

what is sodium crucial for?

A

crucial in fluid balance and nerve impulse transmission

52
Q

importance of chloride in our body

A

also plays a role in the fluid balance

more importantly, become part of the stomach’s hydrochloric acid

53
Q

how do we get table salt?

A

mined from inland salt deposits from old seas

cheap

54
Q

how do we get fleur de sel?

A

harvested from artificial salt ponds by evaporation

more expense

55
Q

where is most sodium in the body found?

A

in the intravascular and interstitial compartments

56
Q

role of sodium in neuron transmission?

A

after calcium did its whole thang, sodium binds to the electrons once they reach the post synaptic cell

unlike calcium (electrical stimulus), this is a chemical stimulus

57
Q

the more sodium we consume, the more or less extracellular volume compartment?

what does it do if we have too much?

A

the more volume

the enlarged extracellular volume compartment presses additional pressure on our arteries

–> with time, these arteries stiffen

–> can make the heart get beef as hell, but we don’t want that because it can lead to heart failure

high sodium is associated with hypertension

58
Q

how are children increasingly affected with hypertension

A

hypertension

because most people exceed the UL for sodium by several hundred mg every day

59
Q

hypertension

A

higher than normal blood pressure

60
Q

primary hypertension

A

hypertension that develops without an identifiable cause

61
Q

secondary hypertension

A

hypertension that is caused by a specific disorder such as kidney disease

62
Q

the tolerable UL for sodium

A

2,300 mg per day

63
Q

the AI (adequate intake) for sodium

A

1,500 mg per day

64
Q

the treatment to reduce hypertension?

A

lowering sodium intake

also, increasing potassium intake with foods naturally containing it

65
Q

where do we find 95% of the body’s potassium?

A

inside cells

66
Q

why do processed foods no longer have potassium?

A

because of their processing

67
Q

what is potassium intake associated with?

A

associated with lowering blood pressure

68
Q

the most abundant trace mineral in the body

A

iron

69
Q

proportion of iron in red blood cells

A

over 60%

70
Q

how many red blood cells do we produce every day

A

2 billion every day

71
Q

how many hemoglobin molecules in one red blood cell

A

280,000,000

72
Q

hemoglobin and iron

A

each hemoglobin molecule is studded with four heme compounds that bind with iron

–> iron binds to the oxygen that we inhale

73
Q

what happens if we don’t have Iron?

A

without Iron, oxygen has nowhere to bind

–> too little Iron is deadly

74
Q

if too little Iron is deadly, what about too much iron?

A

just as deadly

75
Q

leading cause of accidental poisoning in young children?

A

over ingestion of iron

76
Q

why is too much iron just as deadly as too little?

A

because in either way, it will enter the blood capillaries

if too little is consumed, ferritin will almost not be produced at all, which will let iron escape in the blood capillaries

If we consume too much, more ferritin will be produced to bind to the iron, but since epithelial cells only have a lifespan of 3 days, they will die and will carry Iron with them in the binded ferritin and iron to be excreted (rendering it useless)

77
Q

ferritin

A

the iron storage protein

binds to iron

78
Q

what is the proportion of Iron our body can absorb (depending of our Iron status)

A

between 5% and 40%

79
Q

what does the bioavailability of iron depend on?

A

on our body’s physiological need for it

also depends on the source of Iron

80
Q

where do we get our heme iron?

why they contain heme?

A

from animal flesh

because animals got blood, so they got heme

81
Q

where do we get our non-heme iron?

why do they not contain heme?

A

plants

because plants don’t have blood

–> contain compounds that reduce the bioavailability of iron

82
Q

proportion of iron intake coming from plants

A

90%

83
Q

the most common nutrient deficiency

A

iron deficiency

84
Q

iron-deficient anemia

A

sever depletion of iron stores that results in a low hemoglobin concentration

–> red blood cells are small and paler

one has to work harder to circulate oxygen poor blood throughout the body

–> the heart is overworked

–> over time, the heart enlarges and gets beef and eventually leads to heart failure

85
Q

high risk groups for iron deficiency

A

women (with periods)

pregnant women

growing infants

children

teens

86
Q

how much iron do we lose when donating 0.5L of blood?

A

we lose 2.5 mg of iron

–> it takes the body several months to replace the iron

87
Q

where do almost all iodine end up upon absorption?

A

in the thyroid gland

88
Q

iodine’s function

A

synthesis of thyroid hormones

89
Q

role of thyroid hormones

A

regulate body temperature and metabolism

90
Q

the world’s major source of iodine

A

the ocean

iodine is also found in rich supply in soils that were once submerged in ancient seas

91
Q

Goiter

A

a deficiency cause by a deficiency in iodine

enlarged thyroid gland

–> hoping to catch iodine that is simply not there

92
Q

cretinism

A

a deficiency cause by a deficiency in iodine

impaired fetal development

stunted growth

physical and mental abnormalities

93
Q

the leading cause of mental impairment globally

A

Iodine deficiency

94
Q

amount of people suffering from Iodine deficiency

A

2 billion

95
Q

which contains iodine

table salt or fleur de sel

A

table salt

96
Q

the hormone that allows glucose to enter into cells

A

insulin

97
Q

what does chromium do

A

enhances the ability of insulin to take in glucose into our cells

98
Q

importance of zinc

A

it does it all (it is a versatile mineral):

energy metabolism

amino acid metabolism

DNA metabolism

antioxidant function

heme synthesis

growth and development

99
Q

how many enzymes require zinc?

A

mare than 100

100
Q

metalloenzymes

A

enzymes that bond to minerals

they contain one or more minerals as part of their structure

–> these minerals are called cofactors

101
Q

effects of a zinc deficiency

A

severe growth and development impairment

increases risk of infection

102
Q

three main minerals that work as anti oxioxidants

A

zinc

–> decreases copper absorption

copper

selenium (most powerful one)

103
Q

selenium

A

a powerful antioxidant

can protect against some form of cancer

104
Q

what can our intake of selenium be dependent on?

A

it can depend on our geographical location, which influences soil content of selenium

105
Q

increasing our intake of brazil nuts will increase which mineral intake?

A

selenium

106
Q

fluoride

A

makes teeth far more resistant to decay

is present in water (but varies in quantity depending where we are)

107
Q

proportion of children with at least one dental carie

A

60%

108
Q

fluorosis

A

it messes up teeth

effect of fluoride toxicity

109
Q

minerals affecting energy metabolism

A

iodine

zinc

chromium

iron

110
Q

minerals affecting blood health

A

zinc

iron

calcium

111
Q

minerals affecting growth and development

A

zinc

calcium

iodine

112
Q

minerals affecting amino acid metabolism

A

zinc

113
Q

minerals being anti oxidants

A

zinc

copper

selenium

114
Q

minerals affecting DNA metabolism

A

zinc

115
Q

minerals affecting bone health

A

calcium

phosphorus

magnesium

fluoride

116
Q

minerals affecting fluid balance

A

sodium

potassium

magnesium

117
Q

minerals affecting nerve impulse transmission

A

calcium

sodium

potassium

Biol 203 (12 decks)

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