Chapter 9 - Vocabulary

Question 1

Active Transport

Answer 1

the transportation of materials through a cell membrane using energy from the cell.

Question 2

Amylase

Answer 2

an enzyme that breaks down complex carbohydrates.

Question 3

Anabolism

Answer 3

the metabolic reactions that use energy to produce larger molecules from smaller subunits.

Question 4

Anus

Answer 4

the opening at the lower end of the large intestine through which digestive wastes are eliminated from the body.

Question 5

Basal Metabolic Rate

Answer 5

the minimum amount of energy required to keep you alive.

Question 6

Bile

Answer 6

a substance that emulsifies fats for faster breakdown by lipases; produced by the liver.

Question 7

Catabolism

Answer 7

the metabolic reactions that break down larger molecules into smaller subunits.

Question 8

Cecum

Answer 8

a blind pouch at the upper end of the large intestine.

Question 9

Chyme

Answer 9

a semi-liquid mixture of food and gastric juice.

Question 10

Colon

Answer 10

the longest part of the large intestine.

Question 11

Concentration Gradient

Answer 11

the difference in the number of molecules or ions of a substance in a given volume between adjoining areas.

Question 12

Diarrhea

Answer 12

loose or watery feces.

Question 13

Egestion

Answer 13

the removal of waste food materials from the body.

Question 14

Emesis

Answer 14

the expulsion of stomach contents through the esophagus and the mouth; also known as vomiting.

Question 15

Endoscopy

Answer 15

any medical procedure that uses an endoscope to look inside the body.

Question 16

Enterokinase

Answer 16

an enzyme of the small intestine that converts inactive trypsinogen into trypsin.

Question 17

Enzyme

Answer 17

any chemical produced by cells that facilitates biochemical reactions in the body, such as those involved in digestion and metabolism; all enzymes are proteins.

Question 18

Esophagus

Answer 18

an organ consisting of a muscular tube that passes food from the pharynx to the stomach.

Question 19

Facilitated Diffusion

Answer 19

the diffusion of molecules across a cell membrane via a transport protein.

Question 20

Feces

Answer 20

the undigested material that is eliminated as waste from the body.

Question 21

Gastrin

Answer 21

a hormone that stimulates the release of hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen in the stomach.

Question 22

Gastrointestinal Tract (GI Tract)

Answer 22

the passageway or tube that extends from the mouth to the anus and in which the process of digestion takes place.

Question 23

Gastrovascular Cavity

Answer 23

a simple, sac-like digestive cavity that has only one opening through which food is taken in and wastes are expelled.

Question 24

Hormone

Answer 24

a chemical signal or messenger molecule, circulated through the body and used to coordinate cellular functions.

Question 25

Lacteal

Answer 25

a lymphatic vessel within a villus, through which digested fats enter the circulatory system.

Question 26

Lipase

Answer 26

an enzyme that digests lipids.

Question 27

Metabolic Rate

Answer 27

the rate at which the body converts stored energy into working energy.

Question 28

Metabolism

Answer 28

the set of chemical reactions that occur in living organisms that are necessary to maintain life.

Question 29

Microvillus

Answer 29

a microscopic projection of the cell membrane of certain types of epithelial cells; greatly increases the surface area of the cell.

Question 30

Mineral

Answer 30

an element, such as calcium or phosphorus, required by the body in small amounts; plays a role in cell processes and repair.

Question 31

Mucus

Answer 31

a protective secretion produced by the epithelial cells that form the mucous membrane.

Question 32

Nausea

Answer 32

the feelings associated with having the urge to vomit.

Question 33

Nutrient

Answer 33

A chemical that must be obtained by an organism from its environment in order to survive; nutrients provide the raw material for growth and repair and may be a source of energy.

Question 34

Passive Transport

Answer 34

the movement of materials across a cell membrane without any expenditure of the cell’s energy.

Question 35

Pepsin

Answer 35

a protein-digesting enzyme produced in the stomach.

Question 36

Peristalsis

Answer 36

the rhythmic, involuntary wave-like contractions of the smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract.

Question 37

Rectum

Answer 37

the lower 20 cm of the large intestine, generally referred to as the lower bowel, where feces are stored.

Question 38

Secretin

Answer 38

a hormone secreted by the duodenum that stimulates pancreatic and bile secretions.

Question 39

Sphincter

Answer 39

the circular muscle that contracts to close an opening in the body.

Question 40

Triglyceride

Answer 40

a lipid composed of glycerol and three fatty acids that are bonded together.

Question 41

Trypsin

Answer 41

a protein-digesting enzyme produced from trypsinogen.

Question 42

Ulcer

Answer 42

a lesion or open sore on the epithelium of an organ.

Question 43

Villus

Answer 43

a small, finger-like projection of the small intestine mucosa.

Question 44

Vitamin

Answer 44

an organic molecule that the body requires in small amounts as an essential nutrient.