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Level 3: Grade 11 Biology > Chapter 4 - Vocabulary > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Vocabulary Flashcards

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1
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

the production of offspring from a single parent; the genetic makeup of the offspring is identical to that of the parent.

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2
Q

Autosomes

A

non-sex chromosomes.

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3
Q

Biotechnology

A

the use and modification of organisms for applications in engineering, industry, and medicine.

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4
Q

Chromatin

A

the tangled strands of DNA and protein within a eukaryotic nucleus.

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5
Q

Cloning

A

the process of producing one individual that is genetically identical to another, using a single cell or tissue.

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6
Q

Crossing Over

A

the exchange of chromosome segments between homologous pairs during synapsis.

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7
Q

Cytokinesis

A

the process in which a eukaryotic cell divides its cytoplasm into two new daughter cells.

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8
Q

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

A

a molecule that carries genetic information in cells.

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9
Q

Down Syndrome

A

a chromosomal abnormality in which an individual has three copies of chromosome number 21; also referred to as trisomy 21.

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10
Q

Fertilization

A

the formation of a zygote by the joining together, or fusion, of two gametes.

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11
Q

Fragmentation

A

a method of asexual reproduction in which a piece or body fragment of the parent organism develops into a mature individual.

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12
Q

Gamete

A

a sex cell; includes sperm cells in males and egg cells in females.

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13
Q

Gametogenesis

A

the production of gametes (sex cells) in animals

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14
Q

Gene

A

a segment of a DNA molecule that codes for a particular trait; found at a specific location on a chromosome.

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15
Q

Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)

A

an organism in which the genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques.

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16
Q

Genetics

A

the branch of biology dealing with heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics.

17
Q

Heredity

A

the passing of traits from parents to offspring.

18
Q

Homologous Chromosomes

A

matching pairs of chromosomes, similar in size and carrying information for the same genes

19
Q

Interphase

A

the portion of the cell cycle between mitotic divisions when the genetic material (in the form of chromatin) is duplicated.

20
Q

Karyotype

A

the chromosomes of an individual that have been sorted and arranged according to size and type.

21
Q

Locus

A

the location of a gene on a chromosome.

22
Q

Maternal Inheritance

A

a type of inheritance in which a zygote formed from two gametes inherits cytoplasmic DNA from only the female gamete.

23
Q

Meiosis

A

a two-stage cell division in which the resulting daughter cells have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell; results in the formation of gametes or spores.

24
Q

Mitosis

A

the process by which a eukaryotic cell divides the genetic material in its nucleus into two new identical nuclei.

25
Q

Monosomy

A

a chromosomal abnormality in which there is a single chromosome in place of a homologous pair.

26
Q

Nondisjunction

A

the failure of homologous chromosomes to move to opposite poles of the cell during meiosis; results in an abnormal number of chromosomes in the daughter cells.

27
Q

Oogenesis

A

the production of mature egg cells.

28
Q

Ova

A

female sex cells (egg cells).

29
Q

Paternal Inheritance

A

a type of inheritance in which a zygote formed from two gametes inherits cytoplasmic DNA from only the male gamete.

30
Q

Polypoid

A

having more than two sets of chromosomes; many plants are polyploids.

31
Q

Prenatal Testing

A

testing for a genetic disorder that occurs prior to birth.

32
Q

Sex Chromosomes

A

chromosomes that differ in males and females of the same species; the combination of sex chromosomes determines the sex of the offspring.

33
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

the production of offspring from the fusion of two sex cells (usually from two different parents); the genetic makeup of the offspring is different from that of either parent.

34
Q

Sister Chromatid

A

the identical copy of a single chromosome that remains attached to the original chromosome at the centromere.

35
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

the production of mature sperm cells.

36
Q

Synapsis

A

the physical pairing up of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis.

37
Q

Tetrad

A

a pair of homologous chromosomes, each with two sister chromatids.

38
Q

Trisomy

A

a chromosomal abnormality in which there are three homologous chromosomes in place of a homologous pair.

39
Q

Zygote

A

a cell produced by the fusion of two gametes.

Level 3: Grade 11 Biology (13 decks)

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