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Level 3: Grade 11 Biology > Chapter 2 - Vocabulary > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Vocabulary Flashcards

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1
Q

Alternation of Generations

A

a life cycle in which diploid individuals produce spores that create haploid individuals; the haploid individuals reproduce sexually, producing sporophyte individuals and completing the cycle.

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2
Q

Antibiotic

A

a substance that can kill or weaken microorganisms; natural antibiotics are produced by bacteria or fungi, whereas synthetic antibiotics are manufactured.

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3
Q

Bacillus (plural: bacilli)

A

a rod-shaped bacterial cell.

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4
Q

Bacteriophage

A

a virus that infects bacteria.

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5
Q

Binary Fission

A

the division of one parent cell into two genetically identical daughter cells; a form of asexual reproduction.

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6
Q

Capsid

A

a protein coat that surrounds the DNA or RNA of a virus.

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7
Q

Capsule

A

an outer layer on some bacteria; provides some protection for the cell.

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8
Q

Coccus (plural: cocci)

A

a round bacterial cell.

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9
Q

Conjugation

A

a form of sexual reproduction in which two cells join to exchange genetic information.

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10
Q

Diploid

A

a cell containing two copies of each chromosome (2n).

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11
Q

Epidemic

A

a large-scale outbreak of disease; usually confined to a limited geographic region.

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12
Q

Endospore

A

a dormant structure that forms inside certain bacteria in response to stress; protects the cell’s chromosome from damage.

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13
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

a relationship in which a single-celled organism lives within the cell(s) of another organism; recent findings suggest this may be very common.

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14
Q

Facultative aerobe

A

an organism that can live with or without oxygen.

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15
Q

Fermentation

A

an anaerobic process that releases chemical energy from food.

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16
Q

Gametophyte

A

a haploid organism that produces haploid sex cells in an alternation of generations life cycle.

17
Q

Gene Therapy

A

a method of treating disease in which genes are introduced into cells to replace, supplement, or repair a defective gene.

18
Q

Haploid

A

a cell containing half the usual complement of chromosomes (n).

19
Q

Horizontal Gene Transfer

A

the transfer of genetic information from one species into a different species.

20
Q

Inorganic Chemical

A

a chemical that has an abiotic origin; some simple substances that are produced by organisms are also classified as inorganic.

21
Q

Lysis

A

the rupturing of a cell; can occur when newly made viruses are released from a host cell.

22
Q

Lysogeny

A

a state of dormancy in which viral DNA may remain within a host cell’s chromosome for many cell cycle generations.

23
Q

Mutualism

A

a relationship between two species that live in very close association with each other, whereby each benefits from the association

24
Q

Obligate Anaerobe

A

an organism that cannot survive in the presence of oxygen.

25
Q

Obligate Aerobe

A

an organism that cannot survive without oxygen.

26
Q

Organic chemical

A

in biology, any chemical that contains carbon and is produced by living things; carbon dioxide is an exception - it is produced during respiration but is classified as inorganic.

27
Q

Pandemic

A

an epidemic that occurs over a widespread geographic area, often globally.

28
Q

Pathogen

A

a disease-causing agent, often a virus or microorganism.

29
Q

Plasmid

A

a small loop of DNA often found in prokaryotic cells; usually contains a small number of genes.

30
Q

Prion

A

an abnormally shaped infectious protein responsible for some brain diseases of mammals, including humans.

31
Q

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

A

a nucleic acid found in all cells and some viruses; usually carries genetic information that provides instructions for synthesizing protein.

32
Q

Spirillum (plural: spirilli)

A

a spiral or corkscrew-shaped bacterial cell.

33
Q

Spore

A

a haploid reproductive structure; usually a single cell; capable of growing into a new individual.

34
Q

Sporophyte

A

a diploid organism that produces haploid spores in an alternation of generations life cycle.

35
Q

Transduction

A

a type of gene transfer in which a virus transfers DNA from one bacterium to another.

36
Q

Transformation

A

a process in which a bacterial cell takes in and uses pieces of DNA from its environment.

37
Q

Viroid

A

a very small infectious piece of RNA responsible for some serious diseases in plants.

38
Q

Virus

A

a small infectious particle containing genetic material in the form of DNA or RNA within a protein capsule.

39
Q

Zygote

A

a cell produced by the fusion of two gametes.

Level 3: Grade 11 Biology (13 decks)

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