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AP Environmental Science > Chapter 9 Vocabulary > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Vocabulary Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

population dynamics

A

Major abiotic and biotic factors that tend to increase or decrease the population size and age and sex composition of a species

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2
Q

density

A

number of individuals in a certain place

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3
Q

age distribution

A

the proportion of individuals of each age in a population

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4
Q

clumping

A

organisms living in groups

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5
Q

uniform dispersion

A

the individuals are spread out evenly in the environment

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6
Q

random dispersion

A

the individuals of a population are spread out in no particular pattern

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7
Q

immigration

A

Migration of people into a country or area to take up permanent residence

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8
Q

emigration

A

movement of people out of a population

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9
Q

prereproductive stage

A

Age structures are usually described in terms of organisms that are not mature enough to produce

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10
Q

reproductive state

A

age structures that are capable of reproduction

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11
Q

postreproductive state

A

age structures that are too old to reproduce

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12
Q

biotic potential

A

maximum rate at which the population of a given species can increase when there are no limits on its rate of growth

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13
Q

intrinsic rate of increase

A

rate at which a population would grow if it had unlimited resources

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14
Q

environmental resistance

A

All the limiting factors that act together to limit the growth of a population

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15
Q

carrying capacity

A

maximum population of a particular species that a given habitat can support over a given period

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16
Q

logistic growth

A

Pattern in which exponential population growth occurs when the population is small, and population growth decreases steadily with time as the population approaches the carrying capacity

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17
Q

exponential growth

A

Growth in which some quantity, such as pop. size or economic output, increases at a constant rate per unit of time (such as 2% per year)

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18
Q

sigmoid/S-shaped curve

A

a plot of the number of individuals against time causes this.

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19
Q

overshoot

A

when they exceed the carrying capacity of the environment

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20
Q

reproductive time lag

A

the period needed for the birth rate to fall and the death rate to rise in response to resource overconsumption

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21
Q

dieback/crash

A

occurs with species when they are unable to switch to a new resource or move to another area

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22
Q

density-independent population control

A

affect a populations size regardless of its density

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23
Q

density-dependent population control

A

Rely on a populations size

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24
Q

Stable Fluctuation

A

When a species who’s population size fluctuates slightly above and below its carrying capacity

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25
Q

irruptive fluctuation

A

when the population growth may occasionally explode or erupt to a high peak and then crash to a more stable lower level or in some cases a very low level

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26
Q

cyclic fluctuation

A

when a populations size will rise and fall at certain times

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27
Q

irregular fluctuation

A

have changes in their population size with no reoccurring pattern.

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28
Q

asexual reproduction

A

all offspring are exact genetic copies of a single parent. The cell can divide to produce to identical cells

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29
Q

sexual reproduction

A

organisms produce offspring by combining sex cells or gametes from both parents

30
Q

r-selected species

A

species with a capacity for high rate of population increase
Small, many offspring
little parental care

31
Q

K-selected species

A

Competitor species
reproduce late in life
have small number of offspring
long life span

32
Q

survivorship curve

A

graph showing the number of survivors in different age groups for a particular species

33
Q

late loss

A

high survivorship to a certain age, then high mortality

elephants, humans

34
Q

early loss

A

population survivorship is low early in life

annual plants and many bony fish

35
Q

constant loss

A

population that shows a fairly constant death rate at all ages
songbirds

36
Q

founder effect

A

when a few individuals in a pop. colonize a new habitat that is geographically isolated from other members of the pop.

37
Q

demographic bottleneck

A

occurs when only a few individuals in a pop. survive a catastrophic such as a fire or hurricane

38
Q

genetic drift

A

involves random changes in the gene frequencies in a pop. that can lead to unequal reproductive success

39
Q

inbreeding

A

when individuals in a small pop. mate with one another

increases the frequency of defective genes within a pop. and affect its longterm survival

40
Q

metapopulations

A

collection of interacting local pop. of a species

41
Q

What are the two reasons sea otters almost became extinct by the early 1900s?

A

overhunting for their thick and luxurious fur and because they competed with fishers for valuable abalone fish.

42
Q

What are three reasons we should care about this species?

A
  • people love to look at these charismatic, cute, and cuddly animals as they play in water
  • biologists classify them as keystone species that help keep sea urchins and other kelp eating species from depleting kelp forests in offshore coastal waters. - (ethical) Some people believe it is wrong to cause their premature extinction.
43
Q

What are four reasons species live in clumps?

A
  • the resources a species needs vary greatly in availability from place to place
  • living in flocks, herds, and schools can actually provide better protection from predators. -living in packs gives some predator species such as wolves, a better chance of getting food
  • some animal species form temporary groups for caring for their young and mating
44
Q

What are the four variables that govern changes in population size?

A

births, deaths, immigration, and emigration.

Population increases from birth and immigration and decreases from deaths and emigration

45
Q

Write the equation for population change.

A

Population Change = (Births + Immigration) - (Deaths + Emigration)

46
Q

What is likely to happen if an age structure diagram shows a large number of prereproductive organisms?

A

If it shows a large number of pre reproductive organisms, then it will increase. The organisms are in the pre reproductive stage. The size of the population’s age structure will increase if it shows a large number of pre reproductive organisms.

47
Q

What is likely to happen if an age structure diagram shows a large number of postreproductive organisms?

A

If it shows a large number of post reproductive organisms, it will decrease. The size of the population’s age structure will decrease. The organisms are in the post reproductive stage.

48
Q

What is likely to happen if an age structure diagram shows an even distribution between all three stages?

A

If it shows an even distribution between all three stages, it will remain constant. It will remain constant because the reproduction by younger individuals will be roughly balanced by the deaths of older individuals.

49
Q

What are the four characteristics of individuals in populations with a high rate of growth?

A
  • reproduce early in life
  • have short generation times
  • can reproduce many times
  • have many offspring each time they reproduce.
50
Q

What are five limiting factors that could keep a population from growing indefinitely?

A

light, space, water, or nutrients, or by too many competitors or predators

51
Q

What two factors determine carrying capacity (K)?

A

Two factors that determine carrying capacity (K) are biotic potential and environmental resistance.

52
Q

What happens in exponential growth? Why does this happen?

A

In exponential growth, a population grows at a fixed rate such as 1% or 2%. It starts slowly but begins to grow faster as the population increases because the base size of the population is growing.

53
Q

What happens in logistic growth? Why does this happen?

A

In logistic growth, a rapid exponential population growth is followed by a steady decrease in population growth with time until the population is levels off. This occurs because the population encounters environmental resistance and its rate of growth decreases as it approaches the carrying capacity of its environment.

54
Q

What events cause the sigmoid (S-shaped) population growth curve?

A

The events that cause the sigmoid (S-Shaped) population growth curve are a plot of the number of individuals against time.

55
Q

Give two examples of population overshoot and dieback.

A

Two examples of population overshot and dieback are the sheep and the reindeer. These two species experienced overshot and dieback on their population size.

56
Q

What factors are density independent?

A

floods, hurricanes, unseasonable weather, fire, habitat destruction, pesticide spraying, and pollution.

57
Q

What factors are density dependent?

A

competition for resources, predation, parasitism, and infectious diseases.

58
Q

What are the three disadvantages of sexual reproduction?

A
  • male do not give birth
  • increased chance of genetic errors and defects during the splitting and recombination of chromosomes
  • courtship and mating rituals consume time and energy
  • can transmit disease
  • can inflict injury on males of some species as they compete for sexual partners.
59
Q

Considering the disadvantages of sexual reproduction, why do 97% of Earth’s species use it?

A

it provides a greater genetic diversity in offspring and males of some species can gather food for the female and the young and protect and help train the young.

60
Q

Give characteristics and examples of r-selected species.

A
  • reproducing early
  • putting most of their energy into reproduction
  • examples are bacteria, rodents, most insects, algae, and annual plants.
61
Q

Give characteristics and examples of K-selected species.

A
  • reproducing late in life
  • having a small number of offspring with fairly long lifespans
  • develop inside their mothers and are born fairly large
  • mature slowly
  • cored for and protected by one or both parents until they reach reproductive age
  • do well in competitive situations and they follow a logistic growth curve
  • examples are elephants, whales, humans, birds of prey, and large long-lived plants.
62
Q

Explain the four factors that play a role in the loss of genetic diversity and the survival of such populations.

A

founder effect, the demographic bottleneck, genetic drift, and inbreeding.

63
Q

List the nine human impacts on natural systems.

A
  1. )reducing biodiversity by destroying, fragmenting, and degrading wildlife habitats
  2. ) reducing biodiversity by simplifying and homogenizing natural ecosystems
  3. )using, wasting, or destroying an increasing percentage of the earth’s net primary productivity that supports all consumer species
  4. )strengthening some populations of pest species and disease causing bacteria
  5. )eliminating some predators.
  6. )we have deliberately or accidentally introduced new or nonnative species into ecosystems
  7. )we have over harvested some renewable resources and the eight way is we interfere with the normal chemical cycling and energy flows in ecosystems
  8. )we have over harvested some renewable resources and the eight way is we interfere with the normal chemical cycling and energy flows in ecosystems
64
Q

What are the two major challenges humans face?

A

1 we need to maintain a balance between simplified, human-altered ecosystems and the more complex natural ecosystems on which we and other species depend.
2 we need to slow down the rates at which we are altering nature for our purposes.

65
Q

REVIEW NOTES AND DIAGRAMS

A

REVIEW NOTES AND DIAGRAMS

66
Q

Intrinsic Growth Rate

A

Under ideal conditions, with unlimited resources, the maximum potential for growth

67
Q

Exponential growth looks like what shape?

A

J

68
Q

J-shaped curve

A

Looks like a j when graphed

69
Q

Logistic growth

A

when a population whose growth is initially exponential, but slows as the population approaches the carrying capacity

70
Q

Logistic growth and s shaped curve look like what shape?

A

S on a graph

71
Q

Who is Georgii Gauss and what is his principle?

A

Russian biologist, 1910-1986

principle- species competing for the same limited source cannot co-exist

AP Environmental Science (16 decks)

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