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AP Environmental Science > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

polyculture

A

planting a mix of perennial grasses, legumes, sunflowers, grain crops and plants that provides natural insecticides in the same field. (many different plants maturing at various time are planted together.)

  • less need for fertilizers and water
  • more protection to the plants from wind and water erosion
  • little to no need for insecticides and herbicides
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2
Q

perennials

A

plants that have more than a two year life cycle

-less labor, reduces soil erosion and less polution

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3
Q

annuals

A

plants that have a one year life cycle

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4
Q

industrialized agriculture (high-input agriculture)

A
  • 80% of world’d food supply
  • uses large amounts of fossil fuels, water, commercial fertilizers and pesticides to produce a single crop (monocultures) or livestock
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5
Q

plantation agriculture

A
  • form of industrialized agriculture

- used on developing countries growing cash crops (soybeans, coffee, sugarcane, cocoa, vegetables, bananas)

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6
Q

traditional subsistence agriculture

A
  • mostly draft animals and human labor

- it only produces enough for a farm family’s survival

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7
Q

Traditional intensive agriculture

A

-high inputs of human labor, draft labor, water, and fertilizers in order to get a higher yield per area of cultivated land

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8
Q

green revolution

A
  • 1950
  • new management techniques and mechanization as well as more fertilization and irrigation
  • improved crop varieties and increased food production
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9
Q

second green revolution

A
  • 1967-present day

- introducing fast growing varieties of rice and wheat in several developing countries

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10
Q

interplanting

A
  • growing several different crops on the same plot

- reduces the chances of losing food supplies due to pests, bad weather and other misfortunes.

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11
Q

polyvarietal cultivation

A

planting a plot with several varieties of the same crop

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12
Q

intercropping

A

growing two or more different crops at the same time on a plot

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13
Q

agroforestry (alley cropping)

A

crops and trees are planted in alternate rows

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14
Q

land degradation

A

natural or human processes decrease the future ability of land to support crops, livestock or wild species

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15
Q

soil erosion

A

-the movement of soil components (surface litter or topsoil) from one place to another.

main causes: flowing water and wind
harmful effects: loss of soil fertility and sediments pollute water

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16
Q

desertification

A

the productive potential of arid or semi-arid land falls by 10% or more because of natural climate change and human activities

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17
Q

salinization

A
  • when the small amts. of salts in irrigation water become highly concentrated on the soil surface through evaporation.
  • stunts crop growth, lowers crop yields and eventually kills plants and ruins the land
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18
Q

waterlogging

A

when the soil remains under water for a prolonged periods of time, which impairs root growth due to decreased oxygen levels.

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19
Q

soil conservation

A

-using ways to reduce soil erosion and restore soil fertility

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20
Q

conventional-tillage farming

A

farmers plow the land and then break up and smooth the soil to make a planting surface

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21
Q

conservation-tillage farming

A

the soil is disturbed little or not at all to reduce soil erosion, lower labor costs, and save energy

22
Q

terracing

A

can reduce soil erosion on steep slope by converting the land into a series of broad, nearly level terraces that run across the land contour

23
Q

contour farming

A

involves plowing and planting crops in rows across the slope of the land rather than up and down

24
Q

strip cropping

A

planting alternating strips of a row crop and another crop that completely covers the soil

25
Q

cover crops

A

the planting of cops such as alfalfa, clover, or rye immediately after harvest to help protect and hold the soil

26
Q

windbreaks (shelter belts)

A

row of trees or hedges to partially block wind flow and reduce soil erosion on cultivated land

27
Q

organic fertilizer

A

organic material such as animal manure, green manure, and compost, applied to cropland as a source of plant nutrition

28
Q

commercial inorganic fertilizer

A

commercially prepared mixture of plant nutrients such as nitrates, phosphates, and potassium applied to the soil to restore fertility and increase crop yields

29
Q

animal manure

A

dung and urine of animals used as a form of organic fertilizer

30
Q

green manure

A

freshly cut or still-growing green vegetation that is plowed into the soil to increase the organic matter and humus available to support crop growth

31
Q

compost

A

partially decomposed organic plant and animal matter used as a soil conditioner or fertilizer

32
Q

crop rotation

A

Planting a field, or an area of a field, with different crops from year to year to reduce soil nutrient depletion.

33
Q

chronic undernutrition

A

An ongoing condition suffered by people who cannot grow or buy enough food to meet their basic energy need

34
Q

malnutrition

A

faulty nutrition, caused by a diet that does not supply an individual with enough protein, essential fats, vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients needed for good health

35
Q

over nutrition

A

diet so high in calories, saturated fats, sugar, salt, and processed foods and so low in vegetables and fruits that the consumer runs high risks of diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, and other health hazards

36
Q

third green revolution

A
  • a gene revolution

- using genetic engineering to develop genetically improved strains of crops and livestock animals.

37
Q

genetic engineering

A

insertion of an alien gene into an organism to give it a beneficial genetic trait

38
Q

genetically modified food (GMFs)

A

organisms whose genetic makeup has been modified by genetic engineering

39
Q

rangelands

A

land that supplies forage or vegetation for grazing and browsing animals and is not intensively managed

40
Q

overgrazing

A

destruction of vegetation when too many grazing animals feed too long and exceed the carrying capacity of a rangeland or pasture area

41
Q

fisheries

A

concentrations of particular aquatic species suitable for commercial; harvesting in a give ocean area or inland body of water

42
Q

aquaculture

A

growing and harvesting of fish and shellfish for human use in freshwater ponds, irrigation ditches, and lakes, or in cages or fenced in areas of coastal lagoons and estuaries

43
Q

trawling fishing

A

used to catch fish and shellfish that live on or near the ocean floor. It involves dragging a funnel shaped net held open at the neck along the ocean bottom and weighed down with chains or metal plates

44
Q

bycatch

A

most of the fish and other aquatic species

45
Q

pures-seien fishing

A

involves catching surface-dwelling species such as tuna, mackerel, anchovies, and herring, which tend to feed in schools near the surface or in shallow areas

46
Q

longlining

A

involves putting out lines up to 140 kilometers (80miles) long, hung with thousands of baited hooks

47
Q

drift-net fishing

A

fish are caught by huge drifting nets that can hang as much as 15 meters (50 ft) below the surface and be up to 64 kilometers (40 miles) long.

  • leads to overfishing and may trap/kill large quantities of unwanted fish and marine mammals.
48
Q

overfishing

A

taking of so many fish that too little breeding stock is left to maintain numbers

49
Q

fish farming

A

involves cultivating fish in a controlled environment and harvesting them when they reach the desired size

50
Q

fish ranching

A

involves holding anadromous species such as salmon that live part of their lives in fresh water and part in salt water in captivity for the the first few years of their lives, usually in fenced-in areas or floating cages in coastal lagoons and estuaries

51
Q

sustainable (low-input agriculture, organic farming, agroecology)

A

method of food production that uses technology based on ecological knowledge to increase yields, control pests, and build soil fertility

relies more on perennial crops

AP Environmental Science (16 decks)

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