Chapter 7, 8, 9, 10 Exam Flashcards
examples of salt water and freshwater aquatic locations
- salt marshes, oceans, seas, bays, swamps
- lakes, ponds, rivers, streams
Eutrophic Lakes
a lake with a large supply of nutrients, shallow, with murky brown or green water, and with poor visibility
Oligotrophic Lakes
a lake with a low concentration of nutrients and plankton, space fish population, and little shore vegetation
corals: what they are, where they live, why they become stressed
-corals are animals that contain plants that live inside them. There are hard and soft corals.
-Polyps are important
-oceans
-animals
little things affect them
Without proper light and temperature, they will die. It only tames 1-2 degrees in some cases and global warming effects coral.
primary succession: where they occur, what organisms move and when do they move in
Ecological succession in a bare area that has never been occupied by a community of organs
BARE ROCK
PIONEER ORGANISMS ABD EARLY SUCCESSION ORGANISMS
EARLY AND MID SUCCESSION
secondary succession: where they occur, what organisms move and when do they move in
Ecological succession in an area in which natural vegetation has been removed or destroyed but the soil is not destroyed
parasites
Consumer organism that lives on or in and feeds on a living plant or animal, known as the host, over an extended period of time. The parasite draws nourishment from and gradually weakens its host; it may or may not kill the host
predator prey relationships
predation
Situation in which an organism of one species (the predator) captures and feeds on parts or all of an organism of another species (the prey)
theory of island biogeography
the # of species found on an island is determined by a balance between two factors: the immigration rate (of species new to the island) from other inhabited areas and the extinction rate (of species established on the island). The model predicts that some point the rates of immigration and extinction will reach and equilibrium point that determines the island’s average # of different species (species diversity)
interspecific species/competition
attempts by members of two or more species to use the same limited resources in an ecosystem
intraspecific species/competition
Attempts by two or more organisms of a single species to use the same limited resources in an ecosystem `
keystone species
Species that play roles affecting many other organisms in an ecosystem
coevolution
evolution in which two or more species interact and exert selective pressures on each other that can lead each species to undergo various adaptations
dieback/crash
occurs with species when they are unable to switch to a new resource or move to another area
carrying capacity
maximum population of a particular species that a given habitat can support over a given period
DETERMINED BY THE BIOTIC POTENTIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESISTANCE
mutualism
two species interact in a way that both benefit
parasitism
Interaction between species in which one organism, called the parasite, preys on another organism, called the host, by living on or in the host
commensalism
An interaction between organisms of different species in which one type of species benefits and the other type is neither helped nor harmed to any degree
competitive exclusion principle
No two species can occupy exactly the same fundamental niche indefinitely in a habitat where there is not enough of a particular resource to meet the needs of both species
clumped patterns
organisms living in groups
uniform patterns
the individuals are spread out evenly in the environment
random patterns
the individuals of a population are spread out in no particular pattern
K selected species: characteristics of each
Competitor species
reproduce late in life
have small number of offspring
long life span
-reproducing late in life
-having a small number of offspring with fairly long lifespans
-develop inside their mothers and are born fairly large
-mature slowly
-cored for and protected by one or both parents until they reach reproductive age
-do well in competitive situations and they follow a logistic growth curve
-examples are elephants, whales, humans, birds of prey, and large long-lived plants.
R selected species: characteristics of each
species with a capacity for high rate of population increase
Small, many offspring
little parental care
-reproducing early
-putting most of their energy into reproduction
-examples are bacteria, rodents, most insects, algae, and annual plants.
areas increasing in population the most
top 3
CHINA
INDIA
U.S.
U.S. population (Approximately)
ALWAYS NEW
Why U.S. population is increasing
constant immigration urbanization baby booms increase in birth rates decrease in death rates increase in fertility of woman or in a population
Rule of 70
A WAY TO CALCULATE DOUBLING TIME
70/ RATE OF POPULATION GROWTH = HOW MANY YRS.
ecological footprint
Amount of biologically productive land and water needed to supply each person or population with the renewable resources they use and to absorb or dispose of the wastes from such resource use.
Measures the average environmental impact of individuals or pops. in different countries and areas
replacement level fertility
the # of children a couple must bear to replacement themselves
total fertility rate
the # of births that occur to an individual woman or in a pop.
total death rate
annual number of deaths per 1,000 people in the population of a geographic area at the midpoint of a given year
immigration
migration of people into a country or area to take up permanent residence
emigration
WHEN PEOPLE MOVE OUT OF A COUNTRY
YOU MOVING OUT OF THE UNITED SATES TO LIVE IN A DIFFERENT COUNTRY
how to determine population growth
(births + immigration) - (deaths + emigration)
Thomas Malthus
-BELEIVED THAT THERE WAS CONSTANT PRESSURE TOWARD POPULATION GROWTH BC OF FOOD SUPPLY
AS FOOD SUPPLY RUNS LOW, THERE WILL BE WARS, FAMINE AND DISEASE = INCREASED DEATH RATE
HAS’NT HAPPENED YET BC ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY ENABLES US TO GROW MORE FOOD AT A FASTER RATE
impact on population of birthrate, deathrate, emigration, immigration
birthrate and immigration increase pop
death rate and emigration decrease pop
age structure diagrams
used to study the number and ages of people in a country
distribution between males and females in each age group
indicators of health of a country
low infant mortality rate
high life expectancy
factors that cause a population to increase
- IMPORTANCE OF CHILDREN FOR LABOR
- URBANIZATION
- HIGHER INCOME
- LOW INFANT MORTALITY RATE
- HIGH IMMIGRATION RATES
- LARGE FOOD SUPPLY
- LOW EDUCATION AVAILABILITY
infant mortality rate: where and why it is high and low, how to decrease it
- number of babies out of every 1,000 born each year that die before their first bday
- high in countries where there is little to no medicine, health care, and advanced technology
- Low where there is medicine, health care, and advanced technology
- To decrease: develop more advanced medicines and technology to make sure the infant lives until its reproductive age/ years
how governments could reduce population growth rate
- Enforcing women education
- Enforcing women to apply for jobs outside the house
- Family planning to ALL couples
Demographic transition
the model that states as countries become industrialized, first their death rates then their birth rates decline
Preindustrial stage
place that is in this stage
First stage
- children are important- free labor
- Birth rates and death rates are high, but pop. is relatively low
- High infant mortality rate as well as low life expectancy
- children take care of parents at old age
- Amazon Bisen Tribes
Transitional Stage
place that is in this stage
Second stage
- children are unnecessary to earn money but are still used for free labor
- pop. grows exponentially
- increased life expectancy, decreased infant mortality rate
- Ethiopia
- Bangladesh
Industrial Stage
Place that is in this stage
- People make so much money that they don’t nee kids to care for them at old age
- Parents don’t need kids- but still want them, but only a few
- Decline in birth rates
- India
Postindustrial stage
Place that is in this stage
People have grown so wealthy, they decide to have no kids or only 1
- pop. declines
- too few workers to fill jobs- productivity goes down
- Birth rate and death rate become equal but the pop. is high
- Citizens are better educated and more affluent
- UK, Japan, Italy
Rapid growth age structure diagram
Shaped as a pyramid
Guatemala, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia
Slow growth age structure diagram
Shaped as a very narrow pyramid
US, Australia, Canada
Zero growth age structure diagram
Shaped as a skyscraper
Wide Bottom
Almost ratios even
Spain, Austria, Greece
negative growth age structure diagram
Almost straight
Smaller on bottom, larger on top
Germany, Sweden, Bulgaria
factors that cause a population to decrease
- HIGH INFANT MORTALITY RATE
- IMPORTANCE OF CHILDREN FOR LABOR
- HIGH IMMIGRATION RATE
- HIGH DEATH RATE
- HIGH EDUCTION AVAILABILITY
- MORE JOBS AVAILABLE FOR WOMEN
How to determine the rate of natural increase of a country
Crude birth rate - Crude death rate / 10
Density Depending Factors
Size of a pop. influences the survival of individuals
Disease
Density independent species
Floods
Volcanic Eruption
Hurricanes
