Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Environmental Science > Chapter 7, 8, 9, 10 Exam > Flashcards

Chapter 7, 8, 9, 10 Exam Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

examples of salt water and freshwater aquatic locations

A
  • salt marshes, oceans, seas, bays, swamps

- lakes, ponds, rivers, streams

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Eutrophic Lakes

A

a lake with a large supply of nutrients, shallow, with murky brown or green water, and with poor visibility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Oligotrophic Lakes

A

a lake with a low concentration of nutrients and plankton, space fish population, and little shore vegetation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

corals: what they are, where they live, why they become stressed

A

-corals are animals that contain plants that live inside them. There are hard and soft corals.
-Polyps are important
-oceans
-animals
little things affect them
Without proper light and temperature, they will die. It only tames 1-2 degrees in some cases and global warming effects coral.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

primary succession: where they occur, what organisms move and when do they move in

A

Ecological succession in a bare area that has never been occupied by a community of organs
BARE ROCK
PIONEER ORGANISMS ABD EARLY SUCCESSION ORGANISMS
EARLY AND MID SUCCESSION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

secondary succession: where they occur, what organisms move and when do they move in

A

Ecological succession in an area in which natural vegetation has been removed or destroyed but the soil is not destroyed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

parasites

A

Consumer organism that lives on or in and feeds on a living plant or animal, known as the host, over an extended period of time. The parasite draws nourishment from and gradually weakens its host; it may or may not kill the host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

predator prey relationships

A

predation
Situation in which an organism of one species (the predator) captures and feeds on parts or all of an organism of another species (the prey)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

theory of island biogeography

A

the # of species found on an island is determined by a balance between two factors: the immigration rate (of species new to the island) from other inhabited areas and the extinction rate (of species established on the island). The model predicts that some point the rates of immigration and extinction will reach and equilibrium point that determines the island’s average # of different species (species diversity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

interspecific species/competition

A

attempts by members of two or more species to use the same limited resources in an ecosystem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

intraspecific species/competition

A

Attempts by two or more organisms of a single species to use the same limited resources in an ecosystem `

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

keystone species

A

Species that play roles affecting many other organisms in an ecosystem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

coevolution

A

evolution in which two or more species interact and exert selective pressures on each other that can lead each species to undergo various adaptations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

dieback/crash

A

occurs with species when they are unable to switch to a new resource or move to another area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

carrying capacity

A

maximum population of a particular species that a given habitat can support over a given period
DETERMINED BY THE BIOTIC POTENTIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESISTANCE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

mutualism

A

two species interact in a way that both benefit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

parasitism

A

Interaction between species in which one organism, called the parasite, preys on another organism, called the host, by living on or in the host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

commensalism

A

An interaction between organisms of different species in which one type of species benefits and the other type is neither helped nor harmed to any degree

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

competitive exclusion principle

A

No two species can occupy exactly the same fundamental niche indefinitely in a habitat where there is not enough of a particular resource to meet the needs of both species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

clumped patterns

A

organisms living in groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

uniform patterns

A

the individuals are spread out evenly in the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

random patterns

A

the individuals of a population are spread out in no particular pattern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

K selected species: characteristics of each

A

Competitor species
reproduce late in life
have small number of offspring
long life span
-reproducing late in life
-having a small number of offspring with fairly long lifespans
-develop inside their mothers and are born fairly large
-mature slowly
-cored for and protected by one or both parents until they reach reproductive age
-do well in competitive situations and they follow a logistic growth curve
-examples are elephants, whales, humans, birds of prey, and large long-lived plants.

24
Q

R selected species: characteristics of each

A

species with a capacity for high rate of population increase
Small, many offspring
little parental care
-reproducing early
-putting most of their energy into reproduction
-examples are bacteria, rodents, most insects, algae, and annual plants.

25
Q

areas increasing in population the most

top 3

A

CHINA
INDIA
U.S.

26
Q

U.S. population (Approximately)

A

ALWAYS NEW

27
Q

Why U.S. population is increasing

A 
constant immigration
urbanization 
baby booms
increase in birth rates
decrease in death rates
increase in fertility of woman or in a population
28
Q

Rule of 70

A

A WAY TO CALCULATE DOUBLING TIME

70/ RATE OF POPULATION GROWTH = HOW MANY YRS.

29
Q

ecological footprint

A

Amount of biologically productive land and water needed to supply each person or population with the renewable resources they use and to absorb or dispose of the wastes from such resource use.
Measures the average environmental impact of individuals or pops. in different countries and areas

30
Q

replacement level fertility

A

the # of children a couple must bear to replacement themselves

31
Q

total fertility rate

A

the # of births that occur to an individual woman or in a pop.

32
Q

total death rate

A

annual number of deaths per 1,000 people in the population of a geographic area at the midpoint of a given year

33
Q

immigration

A

migration of people into a country or area to take up permanent residence

34
Q

emigration

A

WHEN PEOPLE MOVE OUT OF A COUNTRY

YOU MOVING OUT OF THE UNITED SATES TO LIVE IN A DIFFERENT COUNTRY

35
Q

how to determine population growth

A

(births + immigration) - (deaths + emigration)

36
Q

Thomas Malthus

A

-BELEIVED THAT THERE WAS CONSTANT PRESSURE TOWARD POPULATION GROWTH BC OF FOOD SUPPLY

AS FOOD SUPPLY RUNS LOW, THERE WILL BE WARS, FAMINE AND DISEASE = INCREASED DEATH RATE

HAS’NT HAPPENED YET BC ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY ENABLES US TO GROW MORE FOOD AT A FASTER RATE

37
Q

impact on population of birthrate, deathrate, emigration, immigration

A

birthrate and immigration increase pop

death rate and emigration decrease pop

38
Q

age structure diagrams

A

used to study the number and ages of people in a country

distribution between males and females in each age group

39
Q

indicators of health of a country

A

low infant mortality rate

high life expectancy

40
Q

factors that cause a population to increase

A
  • IMPORTANCE OF CHILDREN FOR LABOR
  • URBANIZATION
  • HIGHER INCOME
  • LOW INFANT MORTALITY RATE
  • HIGH IMMIGRATION RATES
  • LARGE FOOD SUPPLY
  • LOW EDUCATION AVAILABILITY
41
Q

infant mortality rate: where and why it is high and low, how to decrease it

A
  • number of babies out of every 1,000 born each year that die before their first bday
  • high in countries where there is little to no medicine, health care, and advanced technology
  • Low where there is medicine, health care, and advanced technology
  • To decrease: develop more advanced medicines and technology to make sure the infant lives until its reproductive age/ years
42
Q

how governments could reduce population growth rate

A
  • Enforcing women education
  • Enforcing women to apply for jobs outside the house
  • Family planning to ALL couples
43
Q

Demographic transition

A

the model that states as countries become industrialized, first their death rates then their birth rates decline

44
Q

Preindustrial stage

place that is in this stage

A

First stage

  • children are important- free labor
  • Birth rates and death rates are high, but pop. is relatively low
  • High infant mortality rate as well as low life expectancy
  • children take care of parents at old age
  • Amazon Bisen Tribes
45
Q

Transitional Stage

place that is in this stage

A

Second stage

  • children are unnecessary to earn money but are still used for free labor
  • pop. grows exponentially
  • increased life expectancy, decreased infant mortality rate
  • Ethiopia
  • Bangladesh
46
Q

Industrial Stage

Place that is in this stage

A
  • People make so much money that they don’t nee kids to care for them at old age
  • Parents don’t need kids- but still want them, but only a few
  • Decline in birth rates
  • India
47
Q

Postindustrial stage

Place that is in this stage

A

People have grown so wealthy, they decide to have no kids or only 1

  • pop. declines
  • too few workers to fill jobs- productivity goes down
  • Birth rate and death rate become equal but the pop. is high
  • Citizens are better educated and more affluent
  • UK, Japan, Italy
48
Q

Rapid growth age structure diagram

A

Shaped as a pyramid

Guatemala, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia

49
Q

Slow growth age structure diagram

A

Shaped as a very narrow pyramid

US, Australia, Canada

50
Q

Zero growth age structure diagram

A

Shaped as a skyscraper
Wide Bottom
Almost ratios even
Spain, Austria, Greece

51
Q

negative growth age structure diagram

A

Almost straight
Smaller on bottom, larger on top
Germany, Sweden, Bulgaria

52
Q

factors that cause a population to decrease

A
  • HIGH INFANT MORTALITY RATE
  • IMPORTANCE OF CHILDREN FOR LABOR
  • HIGH IMMIGRATION RATE
  • HIGH DEATH RATE
  • HIGH EDUCTION AVAILABILITY
  • MORE JOBS AVAILABLE FOR WOMEN
53
Q

How to determine the rate of natural increase of a country

A

Crude birth rate - Crude death rate / 10

54
Q

Density Depending Factors

A

Size of a pop. influences the survival of individuals

Disease

55
Q

Density independent species

A

Floods
Volcanic Eruption
Hurricanes

AP Environmental Science (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions