Chapter 10

Question 1

demography

Answer 1

The study of the size, composition, and distribution of human populations and the causes and consequences of changes in these characteristics

Question 2

population change

Answer 2

An increase or decrease in the size of a population. It is equal to (births +immigration)- (deaths+emigration)

Question 3

birth rate

Answer 3

see crude birth rate

Question 4

crude birth rate

Answer 4

annual number of live birth per 1,000 people in the population of a geographic area at the midpoint of a given year

Question 5

death rate

Answer 5

see crude death rate

Question 6

crude death rate

Answer 6

annual number of deaths per 1,000 people in the population of a geographic area at the midpoint of a given year

Question 7

doubling time

Answer 7

the time it takes (usually in years) for the quantity of something growing exponentially to double. It can be calculated by dividing the annual percentage growth rate into 70

Question 8

rule of 70

Answer 8

Doubling time (in years) = 70/ (percentage growth rate)

Question 9

fertility

Answer 9

the number of births that occur to an individual woman or in a population

Question 10

replacement-level fertility

Answer 10

number of children a couple must have to replace them. The average for a country or the world usually is slightly higher than 2 children per couple (2.1 in the U.S. and 2.5 in some developing countries) bc some children die before reaching their reproductive years

Question 11

total fertility rate

Answer 11

TFR
Estimate of the average number of children who will be born alive to a woman during her lifetime if she passes through all her childbearing years (ages 15-44) conforming to age-specific fertility rates of a given year.
In simpler terms, it is an estimate of the average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years`

Question 12

life expectancy

Answer 12

average number of years a newborn infant can be expected to live

Question 13

infant mortality rate

Answer 13

number of babies out of every 1,000 born each year that die before their first bday

Question 14

age structure

Answer 14

percentage of the population (or number of people of each sex) at each age level in a population

Question 15

demographic transition

Answer 15

Hypothesis that countries, as they become industrialized, have declines in death rates followed in birth rates

Question 16

preindustrial stage

Answer 16

First stage

little population growth because of harsh living conditions lead to both a high birth rate and a high death rate

Question 17

transitional stage

Answer 17

Second stage
when industrialization begins, food production rises, and health care improves. Death rates drop and birth rates remain high, so the population grows rapidly

Question 18

industrial stage

Answer 18

Third stage
the birth rate drops and eventually approaches the death rate as industrialization, medical advances, and modernization becomes widespread. Pop. growth continues, but at a slower and perhaps a fluctuating rate, depending on economic conditions
Most developed and developing countries are in this stage

Question 19

postindustrial stage

Answer 19

Fourth stage
the birth rate declines further, equaling the death rate and reaching zero population growth. Then the birth rate falls below the death rate and population size decreases

Question 20

family planning

Answer 20

providing information, clinical services, and contraceptives to help people choose the number and spacing of children they want to have

Question 21

What are the reasons Thailand had success reducing its growth rate in 15 years?

Answer 21

• their creativity of the government supported family planning program
• a high literacy rate among women (90%)
• an increased economic role for women and advances in women’s rights
• better health care for mothers and children.

Question 22

Explain the two types of fertility rates affecting a country’s population size and growth rate

Answer 22

• The replacement-level fertility is the number of children a couple must bear to replace themselves
• The total fertility rate is the average number of children a women typically has during her reproductive years.

Question 23

List the 10 factors that affect a country’s average birth rate and total fertility rate

Answer 23

• importance of children as a part of the labor force
• the cost of raising and educating children
• the availability of private and public systems
• urbanization
• the educational and employment opportunities available for women
• the infant mortality rate
• the average age at marriage
• the availability of legal abortions
• the availability of reliable birth control methods
• religious beliefs, traditions, and cultural norms

Question 24

What are the two useful indicators of overall health of people in a country or region?

Answer 24

• life expectancy

- infant mortality rate

Question 25

Between what years were the baby boomers born?

Answer 25

Between 1946 and 1964

Question 26

What are some effects of population decline as a result of AIDS?

Answer 26

• harp drop in average life expectancy and a loss of a country’s most productive young adult workers and trained personnel such as scientists, farmers, engineers, teachers, and government, business, and health-care workers
• sharp drop in the number of productive adults available to support the young and elderly to grow food

Question 27

What environmental stresses increase because of human population increase and the consumption that goes with it?

Answer 27

• infectious disease
• biodiversity losses
• loss of tropical forests
• fisheries depletion
• increasing water scarcity
• pollution of the seas
• climate change

Question 28

List some of the reasons developing countries may be caught in the transition stage of demographic transition.

Answer 28

• the still-rapid population growth in many developing countries will outstrip economic growth and overwhelm local-life support systems
• counties are being ravaged by the HIV/AIDS epidemic and falling back to stage 1
• Some conditions are not available to many countries and there is a shortage of skilled workers to produce the high-tech products necessary to compete in today’s global economy
• lack of the financial capital and other resources
• an increase in debt and a decrease in economic assistance.

Question 29

How can family planning help reduce birth and abortion rates and save lives?

Answer 29

it provides educational and clinical services that help couples choose how many children to have and when to have them. These programs provide information on birth spacing, birth control, and health care for pregnant women and infants. It has also helped raise the modern forms of contraception by married women in their reproductive years and reduced the number of legal and illegal abortions each year.

Question 30

How can empowering women help reduce birth dates?

Answer 30

women tend to have fewer children if they are educated, have a paying job outside the home, and do not have tiger human rights suppressed