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Medical Terminology 2 > Chapter 9 (Vocabulary) > Flashcards

Chapter 9 (Vocabulary) Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

The removal of a body part or the destruction of its functions.

A

ablation

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2
Q

The absence of urine formation by the kidneys.

A

anuria

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3
Q

An abnormal enlargement of the prostate gland.

A

benign prostatic hyperplasia

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4
Q

The progressive loss of renal function over months or years. This common condition, which can be life-threatening, may result from diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or a family history of kidney disease.

A

chronic kidney disease (CKD), aka chronic renal disease or kidney failure [Buildup of waste in the blood from chronic kidney disease can be a contributing factor in heart attacks and strokes].

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5
Q

Inflammation of the bladder.

A

cystitis

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6
Q

A hernia of the bladder through the vaginal wall; also called a prolapsed bladder.

A

cystocele

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7
Q

A stone located in the urinary bladder.

A

cystolith

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8
Q

The surgical fixation of the bladder to the abdominal wall.

A

cystopexy

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9
Q

The visual examination of the urinary bladder using a …?

A

cystoscopy, (cysto)

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10
Q

A procedure to remove waste products from the blood of patients whose kidneys no longer function.

A

dialysis

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11
Q

The increased output of urine.

A

diuresis

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12
Q

The final stage of chronic kidney disease that is fatal unless the functions of the failed kidneys are successfully replaced by dialysis or with a successful kidney transplant.

A

end-stage renal disease, (ESRD)

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13
Q

The involuntary discharge of urine.

A

enuresis

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14
Q

A congenital abnormality affecting the opening of the urethral opening. In the male, the opening is located on the upper surface of the penis. In the female, the urethral opening is located in the region of the clitoris.

A

epispadias

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15
Q

The use of high-energy ultrasonic waves traveling through water or gel to break up kidney stones into fragments, which are then excreted in the urine.

A

extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy

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16
Q

A form of nephritis caused by inflammation of the glomeruli that causes red blood cells and proteins to leak into the urine.

A

glomerulonephritis

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17
Q

A procedure that filters waste products directly from the patient’s blood to replace the functions of damaged kidneys.

A

hemodialysis

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18
Q

The dilation of one or both kidneys that is the result of an obstruction of the flow of urine. This condition can be caused by problems associated with the backing up of urine due to an obstruction such as nephrolith (kidney stone) or stricture (narrowing) in the ureter.

A

hydronephrosis

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19
Q

Distention of the ureter with urine that cannot flow because the ureter is blocked.

A

hydroureter

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20
Q

The presence of abnormally high concentrations of protein in the urine.

A

hyperproteinuria

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21
Q

The presence of abnormally low concentrations of protein in the blood.

A

hypoproteinemia [This condition is often associated with hyperproteinuria.]

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22
Q

A congenital abnormality in the placement of the urethral opening. In the male, the urethral opening is on the under surface of the penis. In the female, the urethral opening is into the vagina.

A

hypospadias

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23
Q

The inability to control the excretion of urine and/or feces.

A

incontinence

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24
Q

A chronic inflammation within the walls of the bladder.

A

interstitial cystitis

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25
Q

A radiographic study of the kidneys and ureters using a contrast medium to diagnose changes in the urinary tract.

A

intravenous pyelogram, (IVP)

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26
Q

A stone located in the kidney; also known as renal calculus or a kidney stone.

A

nephrolith

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27
Q

The presence of a stone or stones in the kidney.

A

nephrolithiasis

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28
Q

The freeing of a kidney from adhesions.

A

nephrolysis

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29
Q

The microscopic functional units of each kidney where urine is produced through the processes of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.

A

nephrons

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30
Q

Any kidney disease including degenerative and inflammatory conditions. Inflammatory conditions are resulting from another disease or disorder in the body.

A

nephropathy

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31
Q

The prolapse, or dropping down, of a kidney into the pelvic area when the patient stands; also known as a floating kidney.

A

nephroptosis

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32
Q

Suppuration (formation of discharge of pus) of the kidney.

A

nephropyosis

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33
Q

The placement of a catheter to maintain an opening from the pelvis of one or both kidneys to the exterior of the body.

A

nephrostomy

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34
Q

A group of conditions in which excessive amounts of protein are lost in the urine, resulting in abnormally low levels of protein in the blood.

A

nephrotic syndrome [Causes of nephrotic syndrome: diabetes mellitus, infection, and kidney disorders. Minimal change disease, so called b/c the nephrons look normal under a regular microscope, is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children.

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35
Q

A urinary problem caused by interference with the normal nerve pathways associated with urination. Depending on the type of interference, the problem could result in incontinence, urinary retention (bladder not being able to empty at all or completely).

A

neurogenic bladder [Some of the causes of this condition are a tumor of the nervous system, trauma, neuropathy, or an inflammatory condition such as multiple sclerosis.

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36
Q

Frequent and excessive urination during the night.

A

nocturia

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37
Q

Urinary incontinence during sleep. Bed wetting.

A

nocturnal enuresis

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38
Q

Scanty urination.

A

oliguria

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39
Q

The surgical removal of the nephrolith through a small incision in the back.

A

percutaneous nephrolithotomy

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40
Q

Dialysis in which the lining of the peritoneal cavity acts as the filter to remove waste from the blood.

A

peritoneal dialysis

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41
Q

An inherited kidney disorder characterized by the growth of numerous fluid-filled cysts in the kidney leading eventually to kidney failure. These cysts, which slowly replace much of the mass of the kidney, reduce kidney function, and eventually leads to kidney failure.

A

polycystic kidney disease, (PKD)

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42
Q

Excessive urination.

A

polyuria

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43
Q

A disorder resulting from the compression or obstruction of the urethra due to benign prostatic hyperplasia. This can produce difficulties with urination and with urine retention.

A

prostatism

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44
Q

The surgical repair of the ureter and renal pelvis.

A

pyeloplasty

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45
Q

A surgical incision into the renal pelvis.

A

pyelotomy

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46
Q

The placement of a catheter into the bladder through a small incision made in the abdominal wall just above the public bone.

A

suprapubic catheterization

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47
Q

A toxic condition resulting from renal failure in which urea and other waste products are retained in the blood.

A

uremia aka uremic poisoning

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48
Q

The distention (enlargement) of a ureter.

A

ureterectasis

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49
Q

A stone located anywhere along the ureter.

A

ureterolith

50
Q

The discharge of blood from a ureter.

A

ureterorrhagia

51
Q

The surgical suturing of a ureter.

A

ureterorrhaphy

52
Q

Inflammation of a urethra

A

urethritis

53
Q

The surgical fixation of the urethra to nearby tissue, usually for the correction of urinary stress continence.

A

urethropexy

54
Q

Bleeding from the urethra.

A

urethrorrhagia

55
Q

Narrowing of the urethra.

A

urethrostenosis

56
Q

A surgical incision into the urethra for relief of a stricture.

A

uretherotomy

57
Q

The insertion of a tube into the bladder in order to procure a sterile specimen for diagnostic purposes, to drain urine from the bladder when the patient is unable to urinate, or to place medication into the bladder.

A

urinary catheterization

58
Q

An abnormal opening between the bladder and the vagina.

A

vesicovaginal fistula

59
Q

A diagnostic procedure in which a fluroscope is used to examine the flow of urine from the bladder and through the urethra.

A

voiding cystourethrography

60
Q

A rare type of malignant tumor of the kidney that occurs in young children. There is a high cure rate for this condition when treated promptly.

A

Wilms tumor

61
Q

The outer portion of an organ.

A

cortex

62
Q

The return to the blood of some of the substances that were removed during filtration.

A

reabsorption

63
Q

Series of wave-like contractions - moves urine down each ureter to the bladder. Same contractions used in digestion.

A

peristalsis

64
Q

External opening of a canal.

A

meatus

65
Q

Urination is also known as / called …

A

voiding or micturition

66
Q

A physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the kidneys.

A

nephrologist

67
Q

A physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the urinary system in females and the genitourinary system in males (the urinary tract & the reproductive organs are in close proximity, so these two body systems are sometimes referred to together as the genitourinary tract.

A

urologist

68
Q

Kidney functions? (5)

A
  1. Constantly filter blood to remove waste products and excess water. 2. Help body maintain the proper level of fluid. 3. Produce hormones that control blood pressure. 4. Make red blood cells and 5. Activate vitamin D to maintain healthy bones.
69
Q

The inability of one or both kidneys to perform their functions.

A

Renal failure, aka kidney failure [The body cannot replace nephrons, and when too many nephrons have been destroyed, the result is kidney failure.]

70
Q

The sudden onset of kidney failure that may be caused by the kidneys not receiving enough blood to filter. Sudden onset characterized by uremia. Can be fatal if not reversed promptly. Can be caused by dehydration or sudden drop in blood volume or blood pressure b/c of injury, burns, or a severe infection.

A

Acute Renal Failure (ARF)

71
Q

Swelling caused by an abnormal accumulation of fluid in cells, tissues or cavities of the body. This can be a symptomatic of nephrotic syndrome and other kidney diseases. The swelling can be in the areas of the eyes, abdomen, or the legs and feet.

A

edema

72
Q

Inflammation of the kidney or kidneys. Most common causes are toxins, infection, or an autoimmune disease.

A

Nephritis

73
Q

Acute pain in the kidney area that is caused by the blockage during the passage of a kidney stone (nephrolith).

A

Renal colic [Colic means spasms of pain in the abdomen. Renal colic pain sometimes comes in waves due to the peristaltic movement of the ureters.]

74
Q

An abnormal mineral deposit that has formed within the body. Named for the organ or tissue where it is located. They vary in size from small sand-like granules that pass through the body unnoticed to the size of marbles that can become lodged, causing acute pain.

A

stone, aka calculus

75
Q

The presence of stones in the kidney. As these stones travel with the flow of urine, they are named for the location where they become lodged.

A

nephrolithiasis

76
Q

Pain in the urinary bladder.

A

cystalgia

77
Q

Abnormal enlargement of the prostate gland often found in men over 50. This condition can make urination difficult and cause other urinary tract problems in men.

A

benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) [Hyperplasia is an increase in cell numbers typically associated with tumor growth; however, in this case, it is not caused by cancer or infection.]

78
Q

Cancer beginning in the prostate. This disease can grow slowly with no symptoms, or it can grow aggressively and spread throughout the body.

A

prostate cancer

79
Q

Inflammation of the prostate gland.

A

prostatitis [The most common type is chronic nonbacterial prostatitis, with no single known cause. Bacterial prostatitis usually results from bacteria transported in the urine.]

80
Q

Abnormal discharge from the urethra. This condition is associated with some sexually transmitted diseases.

A

urethrorrhea

81
Q

An infection involving the structures of the urinary system that usually begin in the bladder, however, such an infection can affect all parts of the urinary system. These common infections are caused by bacteria, most often E.coli, entering the urinary system through the urethra.

A

Urinary tract infection (UTI) [Occurs more frequently in women b/c the urethra is short and located near the opening to the rectum.]

82
Q

Inflammation of the renal pelvis.

A

pyelitis

83
Q

Inflammation of the renal pelvis AND of the kidney.

A

pyelonephritis

84
Q

Difficult or painful urination.

A

dysuria

85
Q

Difficulty in starting a urinary stream.

A

urinary hesitancy [Common in older men w/ enlarged prostate glands. Or due to bashful bladder syndrome).

86
Q

The inability to completely empty the bladder when attempting to urinate.

A

urinary retention, aka ischuria [Condition more common in men w/ an enlarged prostate gland.]

87
Q

The inability to control voiding of urine.

A

urinary incontinence

88
Q

Continuous leaking from the bladder either b/c it is full or because it does not empty completely.

A

overflow incontenence

89
Q

The inability to control the voiding of urine under physical stress such as running, lifting, sneezing, laughing or coughing.

A

stress incontinence [occurs more often in women than in men].

90
Q

A condition that occurs when the muscles of the bladder contract involuntarily even though the bladder is not full enough to indicate the need to urinate. The urinary sphincters’ relaxation in response to this urgent need to urinate may result in urinary frequency or accidental urination.

A

overactive bladder (OAB), aka urge incontinence [Common condition in adults older than 40 & may be caused by excessive consumption of caffeine or alcohol, urinary tract infections, neurological diseases, or bladder or prostate problems.]

91
Q

The examination of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements. These test are used to diagnose diseases as well as detect the presence of substances such as illegal drugs.

A

urinalysis

92
Q

The use of a handheld ultrasound transducer to measure the amount of urine remaining in the bladder after urination. Also used to look for stones or for elevation of the bladder by an enlarged prostate.

A

bladder ultrasound

93
Q

An imaging technique that uses a thin, fan shaped x-ray beam to produce multiple cross-sectional views of the body. Used as a primary tool for evaluation of the urinary system b/c it can be rapidly performed & provides additional imaging of the abdomen, which may reveal the potential source of the patient’s symptoms.

A

Computed tomography (CAT scan) [Nephrotomography is the use of a CAT scan to examine the kidneys.]

94
Q

A radiographic examination of the bladder after the instillation of a contrast medium via a urethral catheter.

A

cystography [resulting film is a cystogram].

95
Q

A radiographic study without the use of a contrast medium, used to detect bowel obstructions and nephroliths.

A

KUB (Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder) *KUB x-ray does not show the ureters. This study is also referred to as a flat-plate of the abdomen.

96
Q

A radiograph of the urinary system after a contrast medium has been placed in the urethra and caused to flow upward through the urinary tract.

A

retrograde urography [Retrograde means moving backward.]

97
Q

A manual examination performed on men to palpate the prostate gland to detect the prostate enlargement and look for indicators of prostate cancer.

A

digital rectal examination, (DRE)

98
Q

A diagnostic blood test that is used to screen for prostate cancer.

A

prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

99
Q

Medications administered to increase urine secretion to rid the body of excess salt and water.

A

diuretics [Other medications/drugs used to treat urinary tract problems include antibiotics for urinary tract infections and antispasmodics to block the signals that cause urinary incontinence.]

100
Q

The surgical fixation of nephroptosis, or a floating kidney.

A

nephropexy

101
Q

The grafting of a donor kidney into the body to replace the recipient’s failed kidney.

A

renal transplantation, commonly known as kidney transplant.

102
Q

The surgical removal of a ureter.

A

ureterectomy

103
Q

The surgical repair of a ureter.

A

ureteroplasty

104
Q

Surgical suturing of a ureter.

A

ureterorrhaphy

105
Q

A treatment for a stone lodged in the ureter. A specialized instrument is inserted through the urethra and bladder into the ureter. If possible, the nephrolith is removed intact through the scope. If the stone is too large, a laser is used to break it up & the pieces are then removed.

A

ureteroscopy (instrument: ureteroscope)

106
Q

The surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder. This procedure is usually performed to treat bladder cancer.

A

cystectomy

107
Q

Bladder replacement using part of the small intestines.

A

neobladder

108
Q

Use of a small piece of intestine to convey urine to the ureters and to a stoma in the abdomen.

A

ileal conduit

109
Q

Surgical suturing of a wound or defect in the bladder.

A

cystorrhaphy

110
Q

A surgical incision for the removal of a stone from the bladder.

A

lithotomy [Although this surgery is no longer common, its name is still used to describe a physical examination position for procedures involving the pelvis & lower abdomen.

111
Q

Performed to withdraw urine for diagnostic purposes, to allow urine to drain freely, or to place a fluid such as a chemotherapy solution into the bladder.

A

urinary catheterization, aka cathing [Catheterization, (cath), may also refer to inserting a tube into the heart.]

112
Q

A catheter that remains inside the body for a prolonged time based on need.

A

indwelling catheter

113
Q

The insertion of a tube through the urethra and into the bladder.

A

urethral catheterization

114
Q

The most common type of indwelling catheter. This device is made of a flexible tube with a balloon filled with sterile water at the end to hold it in place in the bladder.

A

Foley catheter (commonly used on postsurgical patients)

115
Q

Inserted as needed to drain urine from the bladder.

A

intermittent catheter, aka short-term catheter

116
Q

A surgical incision made in the urethral meatus to enlarge the opening.

A

meatotomy

117
Q

The surgical removal of all or part of the prostate gland. Used to treat prostate cancer or to reduce an enlarged prostate gland; however, this treatment can lead to erectile difficulties.

A

prostatectomy [A radical prostatectomy is the surgical removal of the entire prostate gland in cases where it is extremely enlarged or when cancer is suspected. Radiation therapy & hormone therapy are add’l treatments used to control prostate cancer]

118
Q

Removal of excess tissue from an enlarged prostate gland with the use of a resecto-scope (specialized endoscopic instrument that resembles a cystocope).

A

transurethral prostatectomy, aka TURP

119
Q

When an orgasm results in semen flowing backward into the bladder instead of out through the penis. Common side-effect of the transurethral prostatectomy.

A

retrograde ejaculation (retrograde means moving backward)

120
Q

A series of pelvic muscle exercises used to strengthen the muscles of the pelvic floor. Used to control urinary stress incontinence in both sexes, in men to treat prostate pain & swelling, & in women to condition the muscles so that they will recover quickly after childbirth.

A

Kegel exercises (named for Dr. Arnold Kegel)

121
Q

Behavioral training in which the patient learns to urinate on a schedule w/ increasingly longer time intervals btw scheduled urination. The goal is to reestablish voluntary bladder control & to break the cycle of frequency and urgency that results from urge incontinence.

A

bladder retraining

Medical Terminology 2 (20 decks)

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