Chapter 9 Vitamins Flashcards
what does “vitamin “mean? What is the purpose of vitamins?
- vital for life
- chemical processes require vitamins
What are the fat and water soluble vitamins?
- fat = ADEK
- water = BC
Fat-soluble vs water-soluble vitamins:
absorption, transport/storage, excretion, toxicity, requirements/how often do you need to eat them
Additional notes (1, 1)
Water soluble vitamins
-act like glucose and aa
Fat soluble vitamins
-passive transport
why is vitamin A called vitamin A?
first vitamin discovered when researching what causes blindness
What is vitamin A a family of?
retinoids
What are the 2 categories of vitamin A?
provitamin & preformed vitamin
What family is provitamin A made up of? What are its sources? (2)
- family of carotenes
- brightly colored plants and meat products
How many active forms do pre-formed vitamin A have? What are the sources of pre-formed vitamin A? What is it converted into and where? Where is it stored and in what form?
- 3
- animal meat products
- converted into retinol or retinoic acid in liver
- stored in liver as retinol
What are the 2 functions of retinal (vitamin A)? Without vitamin A, what happens?
- development of the retina for eyesight/light perception
- maintains cornea
- without vitamin A, other parts of retina under the cornea affected
What are the 5 functions of retinoic acid (vitamin A)?
- gene regulation - formation of proteins & altering DNA
- cell differentiation of stem cells
- immune function - antibiotic & antioxidants
- reproduction
- growth - tissue, cells, estrogen, progesterone, etc.
What is xerophthalmia? What is it caused by? What process is it associated with? What does it cause (3)?
- dry eyes
- too little or too much vitamin A
- too much keratin = keratinization resulting in 1. hardening of tissues and 2. drying of eyes
- also causes xerosis = dry skin
Besides xerophthalmia, what does a vitamin A deficiency cause?
-night blindness
Where is vitamin A deficiency common in?
not common anymore except in some third world countries
What is a major source of vitamin A? In which animals? Why?
-liver (beef and chicken) because that is where it is stored
What happens with vitamin A toxicity? (2) So it is important to _____ because _____. What medication must also be consumed in only recommended doses?
- skin discoloration
- eye turns yellow
- important to wear gloves when growing these vitamin A rich plants (like sweet potatoes) because they are absorbed through skin
- acne medication follow dose recommendations
Vitamin A table: sources (7), deficiency symptoms (4), groups at risk of deficiency (3), toxicity (7)
What is vitamin D made of? How are they activated?
cholesterol, sunlight
Where is vitamin D stored?
hypodermis (adipose tissue of skin)
What is the basic pathway for vitamin D? (2) Where is it activated?
- sunlight absorbed
2. liver sends vitamin D to kidney (has enzymes needed) where it is activated
What is a function of vitamin D? What does it work with? What 3 location do they act in?
- regulates Ca levels
- works with the parathyroid hormone
1. kidney to promote calcium retention & resorption
2. intestine to promote ca absorption
3. promote bone recycling (ca in and out)
What is another function of vitamin D besides Ca regulation?
-bind to DNA so affects the level of proteins (hormones) made
What 3 diseases does a vitamin D deficiency cause?
- What population is it common in? Where in the body does it occur?
- What population does it take place in? Which joints do they occur in?
* Where is Ca received in both diseases?* - What is it? What happens? What population does it affect? Why?
- Rickets
- common in children
- occur in knee joint - Osteomalacia
- takes place in adults
- in hip & wrist joints
both receiving Ca in incorrect locations (more so in one and less so in others)
- Osteoporosis
- brittle bones = bone breakdown
- not enough osteoblasts that make bones
- affects females after menopose because not enough estrogen
Vitamin D is the most ______ vitamin. It is good as long as have _____ & _____. Does it need to use supplements?
- potentially toxic
- as long as have a well-balanced diet and sunlight good
- do not need to do supplements
How is vitamin D get rid of?
through feces
What is the sequence of consequences of vitamin D toxicity? (3) What do they ultimately cause?
- overwhelms kidney and forms kidney stores
- which then affects function of heart
- which then affects cardiac and skeletal muscle
kidney & heart failure
Vitamin D table:
sources (8), groups at risk of deficiency (3), toxicity (2)
What are the 2 classes of vitamin E? What is their difference? What are its structures? (2) Which of these is the only active form of vitamin E in humans?
- tocopherols: do not have db
- only form of vitamin E active in humans - tocotrienols: have db
- R1, R2, R3 have CH3
- alpha, beta, gamma determined by what is attached at C
What is the function of vitamin E? What does it do?
- antioxidants: destroys free radicals (with unpaired e)
- willing to give up an e to a free radical (this does not make the vitamin E a radical)
What produces free radicals and what do they do? What can they cause? What prevents them?
- smoking, air polution
- destabilizes other structures by stripping e off
- can cause cancer
- antioxidants (vitamin E)
What are the sources of vitamin E? (3)
nuts, seeds, and their oils (like peanut oil)
Vitamin E deficiency
-all cells in body damaged
Vitamin E toxicity
-interferes with absorption of vitamin K
and too much K interferes with absorption vitamin E
Table: vitamin E
What is vitamin K also known as?
quinone
What are vitamin K sources? (3)
dark green plants, vegtable oils, large intestine
What is the function of vitamin K? (2)
- blood clotting: required for formation of blood clotting facter (2, 7, 9, 10)
- controls thickness/viscosty of blood: without it causes leaks everywhere (blood loss, hemorraging - nose bleeds, through feces)
What is the population group at risk for vitamin K deficiency? Why? How do they get the amount they need? and later?
- newborns
- not enough transported in breastmilk
- gets injection as newborns
- thru food when can eat food
Table: vitamin K
What is vitamin C also called?
ascorbic acid
What are the 3 functions of vitamin C? (2, 2, 0)
- Connective tissues
- important role in the activation of enzymes that form collagen (most abundant protein in the body needed to make healthy tissue)
- formation of carnitine - Antioxidant
- protects iron by binding to and neutralizing the charge of iron
- pro-oxidant: give e to vitamin E & helps with regeneration of vitamin E (because does not “fight” as well as vitamin E) - Hormone and neurotransmitter synthesis
Does vitamin C cure the common cold? What does it do? Which vitamins can carry this out?
- NO
- but helps reduce symptoms of common cold because an antioxidant (any vitamin that is an antioxidant can!)
Sources of vitamin C (2)
-brightly colored fruits (especially citrus) and vegetables (ex. peppers)
How much additional vitamin C smoker must take to combat the free radicals from smoking?
35mg in addition to the every day 75 (female)-90 (male) mg
Table: vitamin C
What disease does a vitamin C deficiency cause? What is it associated with? What are the symptoms (3)? Why?
- scurvy
- associated with sailors because lack of produce for vitamin C sources
- bleeding gym, poor wound healings, cracking skin because not enough collagen produced
Vitamin C toxicity (3)
-GI distress, kidney stones, diarrhea
What population group is at risk for vitamin C deficiency? (3)
smokers, alcoholic, elderly
Is vitamin C is destroyed by (2)
heat & O2
What is the difference between coenzyme and cofactor? What can coenzymes be?
Coenzyme = organic substance containing C
-any vitamin that requires enzyme to function
Cofactor = inorganic/minerals
What 3 vitamin Bs are important for energy metabolism?
thiamin, niacin, riboflavin
Which 2 vitamins are necessary for DNA & RNA synthesis?
folate, vitamin B12
What vitamin is important for processing amino acids and making proteins?
B6
What is thiamin also called?
B1
Is thiamin a coenzyme?
yes so has C
What is thiamin required for? (2)
- energy metabolism: required in pyruvate dehydrogenase complex to produce Acetyl CoA
- formation of nerve cell membranes
What can thiamin deficiency cause? What is it? What are the 2 types? How are they different?
- beriberi (weakness)
1. dry beriberi = no swelling
2. wet beriberi = swelling/edema due to fluid retention
What population is at risk for thiamin deficiency? Why? What makes it a double whammy?
- alcoholic since it is a diuretic. thiamin water-soluble so excreted thru urine
- alcohol also impairs thiamin absorption
What are sources of thiamin? (2)
-whole grain best, fish
Table: thiamin
What is riboflavin also called?
B2
What is the function of riboflavin?
energy metabolism in all cells: precursor of FAD
What are sources of riboflavin? (4)
eggs, yogurt, grain, dairy products
How is riboflavin destroyed? (2) What is riboflavin strong against?
- UV light (why milk containers are opaque)
- Irradiation - exposure to radiation
-heat
What is a deficiency in riboflavin called? What does it cause?
- ariboflavinosis
- interferes with formation of tissues
Table: riboflavin
What is niacin also called?
B3
What is the function of niacin?
-participates in energy metabolism by forming NAD (N iacin N ad)
In whay form do we get niacin from food?
nicotinic acid
What are major sources of niacin? (4)
grain products, meat, fish, poultry/chicken
What does a niacin deficiency cause? (4) What is the good thing about this disease?
- pellagra
- dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death
- can be stopped by taking niacin
What group is at risk for niacin deficiency?
alcoholics
Niacin toxicity - what was it used as in the past? Why do we not anymore? What is it also called?
-used in past to improve blood lipids called “niacin flush.” Niacin a vasodilator which reduces cardiovascular disease/hypertension. But that also causes a drop in blood pressure which can lead to hypotension
Table: niacin
What is a transfer 1 C compound? What vitamin is it?
- transfer C from one compound to another
- folate
What are the major sources of folate? (2)
dark green vegetables, enriched grain produts
What is the function of folate? Who does it work with? What is its most important function?
- formation of RBC
- vitamin B12
-formation of neurons/nervous system
What does a folate deficiency cause? (5)
- anemia
- diminished immunity
- abnormal digestive function
- cancer risk
- neural tube defects (NT)
Why are foods fortified with folate? What is its problem? What is it? What are the 2 specific types?
- associated with NTD
- when realize too late
- brain/spinal cord not developed
- anencephaly = brain not properly developed
- spinal chord = spina bifida
Folate toxicity. What is the relationship between folate and vitamin B12? What does vitamin B12 do? What is the relationship between the two?
- mask B12 deficiency
- B12 also the formation of RBC & neurons
- vice versa
What can a folate toxicity do? Like folate, what does vitamin B12 do? What is the relationship between the two?
- mask B12 deficiency
- B12 also the formation of RBC & neurons
- vice versa
Table: folate
Which vitamins are coenzymes?
vitamin B
What is vitamin B12 closely related to? What do they do for each other?
- folate
- activate each other
What is a function of vitamin B12? What is the major function of vitamin B12?
- formation of myelin sheath around neurons
- RBC synthesis
What are the sources of vitamin B12?
-meats, fish, poultry
Vegans/vegetarians are at a risk of which vitamin deficiency?
B12
What does a vitamin B12 deficiency cause?
anemia
What is needed for the absorption of vitamin B12? (2) What is its process?
- intrinsic factor: produced and released in the stomach, then binds to B12 in SI and absorbed
- HCl cleaves bonds binding B12 to food
Table: vitamin B12
What is the role of vitamin B6?
- transfers amino groups, which is required to make protein
* participates in over 100 reactions
What are the sources of vitamin B6? (3)
meath, fish, poultry
Table: vitamin B6
What is the function of biotin? (3)
- go from pyruvate to oxaloactetate (energy metabolism)
- required for certain enzymes
- gene expression
What are the sources of biotin? (4)
meat, fish, nuts, egg yolks
What are the symptoms of biotin deficiency? (4)
- depression
- lethargy
- hallucinations
- tingling sensations
What is the process of biotin absorption in eggs?
raw egg whites contain advin, which binds to biotin & stay bound so not absorbed. when cook the egg advin gets broken down.
Table: biotin
What is the function of pantothenic acid?
needed to form Acetyl CoA
What are the sources of pantothenic acid? (2)
sunflower seeds, fish
What are the symptoms of pantothenic acid deficiency? (5) Which are due to _____.
vomiting, nausea, insomnia, depression, hypoglycemia (all due to lack of energy)
Table: pantothenic acid
What are non-B “vitamins”? (4)
choline, non vitamins (carnitine, inositol, lipoic acid)
What is the function of choline?
-role in formation of acetylcholine
What are the source of choline?
protein-rich foods
Table: choline
What is the function of carnitine?
shuttles FA to mitochondria for energy
What is the function of inositol?
formation of cell membranes
Research is done on inositol to see if _____.
if it can provide energy like glucose
What is lipoic acid? What is it not?
- antioxidant
- fat burner
What are sources of lipoic acid? (4)
yeast, liver, kidney, broccoli
What are the cons of supplements? (5)
- food rarely causes nutrient imbalances/toxicities
- supplement users likely to have excessive intakes
- supplements are packaged, so at risk for contamination & safety (chance for human/machine error)
- false sense of security (supplements do not keep you from developing conditions like cancer)
- life-threatening misinformation (does it actually do what it is claimed to do?)
What is the pro of supplements? Who does it help? (5)
-helps people prone to deficiencies
- habitual dieters
- elderly people with diminished appetite
- people with wasting illnesses
- people who omit entire food groups
- people who lack knowledge or money to eat properly
