Chapter 9 Vitamins Flashcards
1
Q
what does “vitamin “mean? What is the purpose of vitamins?
A
- vital for life
- chemical processes require vitamins
2
Q
What are the fat and water soluble vitamins?
A
- fat = ADEK
- water = BC
3
Q
Fat-soluble vs water-soluble vitamins:
absorption, transport/storage, excretion, toxicity, requirements/how often do you need to eat them
Additional notes (1, 1)
A
Water soluble vitamins
-act like glucose and aa
Fat soluble vitamins
-passive transport
4
Q
why is vitamin A called vitamin A?
A
first vitamin discovered when researching what causes blindness
5
Q
What is vitamin A a family of?
A
retinoids
6
Q
What are the 2 categories of vitamin A?
A
provitamin & preformed vitamin
7
Q
What family is provitamin A made up of? What are its sources? (2)
A
- family of carotenes
- brightly colored plants and meat products
8
Q
How many active forms do pre-formed vitamin A have? What are the sources of pre-formed vitamin A? What is it converted into and where? Where is it stored and in what form?
A
- 3
- animal meat products
- converted into retinol or retinoic acid in liver
- stored in liver as retinol
9
Q
What are the 2 functions of retinal (vitamin A)? Without vitamin A, what happens?
A
- development of the retina for eyesight/light perception
- maintains cornea
- without vitamin A, other parts of retina under the cornea affected
10
Q
What are the 5 functions of retinoic acid (vitamin A)?
A
- gene regulation - formation of proteins & altering DNA
- cell differentiation of stem cells
- immune function - antibiotic & antioxidants
- reproduction
- growth - tissue, cells, estrogen, progesterone, etc.
11
Q
What is xerophthalmia? What is it caused by? What process is it associated with? What does it cause (3)?
A
- dry eyes
- too little or too much vitamin A
- too much keratin = keratinization resulting in 1. hardening of tissues and 2. drying of eyes
- also causes xerosis = dry skin
12
Q
Besides xerophthalmia, what does a vitamin A deficiency cause?
A
-night blindness
13
Q
Where is vitamin A deficiency common in?
A
not common anymore except in some third world countries
14
Q
What is a major source of vitamin A? In which animals? Why?
A
-liver (beef and chicken) because that is where it is stored
15
Q
What happens with vitamin A toxicity? (2) So it is important to _____ because _____. What medication must also be consumed in only recommended doses?
A
- skin discoloration
- eye turns yellow
- important to wear gloves when growing these vitamin A rich plants (like sweet potatoes) because they are absorbed through skin
- acne medication follow dose recommendations
16
Q
Vitamin A table: sources (7), deficiency symptoms (4), groups at risk of deficiency (3), toxicity (7)
A
17
Q
What is vitamin D made of? How are they activated?
A
cholesterol, sunlight
18
Q
Where is vitamin D stored?
A
hypodermis (adipose tissue of skin)
19
Q
What is the basic pathway for vitamin D? (2) Where is it activated?
A
- sunlight absorbed
2. liver sends vitamin D to kidney (has enzymes needed) where it is activated
20
Q
What is a function of vitamin D? What does it work with? What 3 location do they act in?
A
- regulates Ca levels
- works with the parathyroid hormone
1. kidney to promote calcium retention & resorption
2. intestine to promote ca absorption
3. promote bone recycling (ca in and out)
21
Q
What is another function of vitamin D besides Ca regulation?
A
-bind to DNA so affects the level of proteins (hormones) made
22
Q
What 3 diseases does a vitamin D deficiency cause?
- What population is it common in? Where in the body does it occur?
- What population does it take place in? Which joints do they occur in?
* Where is Ca received in both diseases?* - What is it? What happens? What population does it affect? Why?
A
- Rickets
- common in children
- occur in knee joint - Osteomalacia
- takes place in adults
- in hip & wrist joints
both receiving Ca in incorrect locations (more so in one and less so in others)
- Osteoporosis
- brittle bones = bone breakdown
- not enough osteoblasts that make bones
- affects females after menopose because not enough estrogen
23
Q
Vitamin D is the most ______ vitamin. It is good as long as have _____ & _____. Does it need to use supplements?
A
- potentially toxic
- as long as have a well-balanced diet and sunlight good
- do not need to do supplements
24
Q
How is vitamin D get rid of?
A
through feces
25
What is the sequence of consequences of vitamin D toxicity? (3) What do they ultimately cause?
- overwhelms kidney and forms kidney stores
- which then affects function of heart
- which then affects cardiac and skeletal muscle
kidney & heart failure
26
Vitamin D table:
sources (8), groups at risk of deficiency (3), toxicity (2)
27
What are the 2 classes of vitamin E? What is their difference? What are its structures? (2) Which of these is the only active form of vitamin E in humans?
1. tocopherols: do not have db
- only form of vitamin E active in humans
2. tocotrienols: have db
- R1, R2, R3 have CH3
- alpha, beta, gamma determined by what is attached at C
28
What is the function of vitamin E? What does it do?
- antioxidants: destroys free radicals (with unpaired e)
| - willing to give up an e to a free radical (this does not make the vitamin E a radical)
29
What produces free radicals and what do they do? What can they cause? What prevents them?
- smoking, air polution
- destabilizes other structures by stripping e off
- can cause cancer
- antioxidants (vitamin E)
30
What are the sources of vitamin E? (3)
nuts, seeds, and their oils (like peanut oil)
31
Vitamin E deficiency
-all cells in body damaged
32
Vitamin E toxicity
-interferes with absorption of vitamin K
| and too much K interferes with absorption vitamin E
33
Table: vitamin E
34
What is vitamin K also known as?
quinone
35
What are vitamin K sources? (3)
dark green plants, vegtable oils, large intestine
36
What is the function of vitamin K? (2)
- blood clotting: required for formation of blood clotting facter (2, 7, 9, 10)
- controls thickness/viscosty of blood: without it causes leaks everywhere (blood loss, hemorraging - nose bleeds, through feces)
37
What is the population group at risk for vitamin K deficiency? Why? How do they get the amount they need? and later?
- newborns
- not enough transported in breastmilk
- gets injection as newborns
- thru food when can eat food
38
Table: vitamin K
39
What is vitamin C also called?
ascorbic acid
40
What are the 3 functions of vitamin C? (2, 2, 0)
1. Connective tissues
- important role in the activation of enzymes that form collagen (most abundant protein in the body needed to make healthy tissue)
- formation of carnitine
2. Antioxidant
- protects iron by binding to and neutralizing the charge of iron
- pro-oxidant: give e to vitamin E & helps with regeneration of vitamin E (because does not "fight" as well as vitamin E)
3. Hormone and neurotransmitter synthesis
41
Does vitamin C cure the common cold? What does it do? Which vitamins can carry this out?
- NO
| - but helps reduce symptoms of common cold because an antioxidant (any vitamin that is an antioxidant can!)
42
Sources of vitamin C (2)
-brightly colored fruits (especially citrus) and vegetables (ex. peppers)
43
How much additional vitamin C smoker must take to combat the free radicals from smoking?
35mg in addition to the every day 75 (female)-90 (male) mg
44
Table: vitamin C
45
What disease does a vitamin C deficiency cause? What is it associated with? What are the symptoms (3)? Why?
- scurvy
- associated with sailors because lack of produce for vitamin C sources
- bleeding gym, poor wound healings, cracking skin because not enough collagen produced
46
Vitamin C toxicity (3)
-GI distress, kidney stones, diarrhea
47
What population group is at risk for vitamin C deficiency? (3)
smokers, alcoholic, elderly
48
Is vitamin C is destroyed by (2)
heat & O2
49
What is the difference between coenzyme and cofactor? What can coenzymes be?
Coenzyme = organic substance containing C
-any vitamin that requires enzyme to function
Cofactor = inorganic/minerals
50
What 3 vitamin Bs are important for energy metabolism?
thiamin, niacin, riboflavin
51
Which 2 vitamins are necessary for DNA & RNA synthesis?
folate, vitamin B12
52
What vitamin is important for processing amino acids and making proteins?
B6
53
What is thiamin also called?
B1
54
Is thiamin a coenzyme?
yes so has C
55
What is thiamin required for? (2)
- energy metabolism: required in pyruvate dehydrogenase complex to produce Acetyl CoA
- formation of nerve cell membranes
56
What can thiamin deficiency cause? What is it? What are the 2 types? How are they different?
- beriberi (weakness)
1. dry beriberi = no swelling
2. wet beriberi = swelling/edema due to fluid retention
57
What population is at risk for thiamin deficiency? Why? What makes it a double whammy?
- alcoholic since it is a diuretic. thiamin water-soluble so excreted thru urine
- alcohol also impairs thiamin absorption
58
What are sources of thiamin? (2)
-whole grain best, fish
59
Table: thiamin
60
What is riboflavin also called?
B2
61
What is the function of riboflavin?
energy metabolism in all cells: precursor of FAD
62
What are sources of riboflavin? (4)
eggs, yogurt, grain, dairy products
63
How is riboflavin destroyed? (2) What is riboflavin strong against?
1. UV light (why milk containers are opaque)
2. Irradiation - exposure to radiation
-heat
64
What is a deficiency in riboflavin called? What does it cause?
- ariboflavinosis
| - interferes with formation of tissues
65
Table: riboflavin
66
What is niacin also called?
B3
67
What is the function of niacin?
-participates in energy metabolism by forming NAD (N iacin N ad)
68
In whay form do we get niacin from food?
nicotinic acid
69
What are major sources of niacin? (4)
grain products, meat, fish, poultry/chicken
70
What does a niacin deficiency cause? (4) What is the good thing about this disease?
- pellagra
- dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death
- can be stopped by taking niacin
71
What group is at risk for niacin deficiency?
alcoholics
72
Niacin toxicity - what was it used as in the past? Why do we not anymore? What is it also called?
-used in past to improve blood lipids called "niacin flush." Niacin a vasodilator which reduces cardiovascular disease/hypertension. But that also causes a drop in blood pressure which can lead to hypotension
73
Table: niacin
74
What is a transfer 1 C compound? What vitamin is it?
- transfer C from one compound to another
| - folate
75
What are the major sources of folate? (2)
dark green vegetables, enriched grain produts
76
What is the function of folate? Who does it work with? What is its most important function?
- formation of RBC
- vitamin B12
-formation of neurons/nervous system
77
What does a folate deficiency cause? (5)
- anemia
- diminished immunity
- abnormal digestive function
- cancer risk
- neural tube defects (NT)
78
Why are foods fortified with folate? What is its problem? What is it? What are the 2 specific types?
- associated with NTD
- when realize too late
- brain/spinal cord not developed
- anencephaly = brain not properly developed
- spinal chord = spina bifida
79
Folate toxicity. What is the relationship between folate and vitamin B12? What does vitamin B12 do? What is the relationship between the two?
- mask B12 deficiency
- B12 also the formation of RBC & neurons
- vice versa
80
What can a folate toxicity do? Like folate, what does vitamin B12 do? What is the relationship between the two?
- mask B12 deficiency
- B12 also the formation of RBC & neurons
- vice versa
81
Table: folate
82
Which vitamins are coenzymes?
vitamin B
83
What is vitamin B12 closely related to? What do they do for each other?
- folate
| - activate each other
84
What is a function of vitamin B12? What is the major function of vitamin B12?
- formation of myelin sheath around neurons
| - RBC synthesis
85
What are the sources of vitamin B12?
-meats, fish, poultry
86
Vegans/vegetarians are at a risk of which vitamin deficiency?
B12
87
What does a vitamin B12 deficiency cause?
anemia
88
What is needed for the absorption of vitamin B12? (2) What is its process?
- intrinsic factor: produced and released in the stomach, then binds to B12 in SI and absorbed
- HCl cleaves bonds binding B12 to food
89
Table: vitamin B12
90
What is the role of vitamin B6?
- transfers amino groups, which is required to make protein
| * participates in over 100 reactions
91
What are the sources of vitamin B6? (3)
meath, fish, poultry
92
Table: vitamin B6
93
What is the function of biotin? (3)
- go from pyruvate to oxaloactetate (energy metabolism)
- required for certain enzymes
- gene expression
94
What are the sources of biotin? (4)
meat, fish, nuts, egg yolks
95
What are the symptoms of biotin deficiency? (4)
1. depression
2. lethargy
3. hallucinations
4. tingling sensations
96
What is the process of biotin absorption in eggs?
raw egg whites contain advin, which binds to biotin & stay bound so not absorbed. when cook the egg advin gets broken down.
97
Table: biotin
98
What is the function of pantothenic acid?
needed to form Acetyl CoA
99
What are the sources of pantothenic acid? (2)
sunflower seeds, fish
100
What are the symptoms of pantothenic acid deficiency? (5) Which are due to _____.
vomiting, nausea, insomnia, depression, hypoglycemia (all due to lack of energy)
101
Table: pantothenic acid
102
What are non-B "vitamins"? (4)
choline, non vitamins (carnitine, inositol, lipoic acid)
103
What is the function of choline?
-role in formation of acetylcholine
104
What are the source of choline?
protein-rich foods
105
Table: choline
106
What is the function of carnitine?
shuttles FA to mitochondria for energy
107
What is the function of inositol?
formation of cell membranes
108
Research is done on inositol to see if _____.
if it can provide energy like glucose
109
What is lipoic acid? What is it not?
- antioxidant
| - fat burner
110
What are sources of lipoic acid? (4)
yeast, liver, kidney, broccoli
111
What are the cons of supplements? (5)
- food rarely causes nutrient imbalances/toxicities
- supplement users likely to have excessive intakes
- supplements are packaged, so at risk for contamination & safety (chance for human/machine error)
- false sense of security (supplements do not keep you from developing conditions like cancer)
- life-threatening misinformation (does it actually do what it is claimed to do?)
112
What is the pro of supplements? Who does it help? (5)
-helps people prone to deficiencies
- habitual dieters
- elderly people with diminished appetite
- people with wasting illnesses
- people who omit entire food groups
- people who lack knowledge or money to eat properly
