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Nutrition > Chapter 9 Vitamins > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

what does “vitamin “mean? What is the purpose of vitamins?

A
  • vital for life

- chemical processes require vitamins

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2
Q

What are the fat and water soluble vitamins?

A
  • fat = ADEK

- water = BC

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3
Q

Fat-soluble vs water-soluble vitamins:
absorption, transport/storage, excretion, toxicity, requirements/how often do you need to eat them

Additional notes (1, 1)

A

Water soluble vitamins
-act like glucose and aa

Fat soluble vitamins
-passive transport

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4
Q

why is vitamin A called vitamin A?

A

first vitamin discovered when researching what causes blindness

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5
Q

What is vitamin A a family of?

A

retinoids

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6
Q

What are the 2 categories of vitamin A?

A

provitamin & preformed vitamin

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7
Q

What family is provitamin A made up of? What are its sources? (2)

A
  • family of carotenes

- brightly colored plants and meat products

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8
Q

How many active forms do pre-formed vitamin A have? What are the sources of pre-formed vitamin A? What is it converted into and where? Where is it stored and in what form?

A
  • 3
  • animal meat products
  • converted into retinol or retinoic acid in liver
  • stored in liver as retinol
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9
Q

What are the 2 functions of retinal (vitamin A)? Without vitamin A, what happens?

A
  • development of the retina for eyesight/light perception
  • maintains cornea
  • without vitamin A, other parts of retina under the cornea affected
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10
Q

What are the 5 functions of retinoic acid (vitamin A)?

A
  1. gene regulation - formation of proteins & altering DNA
  2. cell differentiation of stem cells
  3. immune function - antibiotic & antioxidants
  4. reproduction
  5. growth - tissue, cells, estrogen, progesterone, etc.
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11
Q

What is xerophthalmia? What is it caused by? What process is it associated with? What does it cause (3)?

A
  • dry eyes
  • too little or too much vitamin A
  • too much keratin = keratinization resulting in 1. hardening of tissues and 2. drying of eyes
  • also causes xerosis = dry skin
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12
Q

Besides xerophthalmia, what does a vitamin A deficiency cause?

A

-night blindness

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13
Q

Where is vitamin A deficiency common in?

A

not common anymore except in some third world countries

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14
Q

What is a major source of vitamin A? In which animals? Why?

A

-liver (beef and chicken) because that is where it is stored

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15
Q

What happens with vitamin A toxicity? (2) So it is important to _____ because _____. What medication must also be consumed in only recommended doses?

A
  • skin discoloration
  • eye turns yellow
  • important to wear gloves when growing these vitamin A rich plants (like sweet potatoes) because they are absorbed through skin
  • acne medication follow dose recommendations
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16
Q

Vitamin A table: sources (7), deficiency symptoms (4), groups at risk of deficiency (3), toxicity (7)

A
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17
Q

What is vitamin D made of? How are they activated?

A

cholesterol, sunlight

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18
Q

Where is vitamin D stored?

A

hypodermis (adipose tissue of skin)

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19
Q

What is the basic pathway for vitamin D? (2) Where is it activated?

A
  1. sunlight absorbed

2. liver sends vitamin D to kidney (has enzymes needed) where it is activated

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20
Q

What is a function of vitamin D? What does it work with? What 3 location do they act in?

A
  • regulates Ca levels
  • works with the parathyroid hormone
    1. kidney to promote calcium retention & resorption
    2. intestine to promote ca absorption
    3. promote bone recycling (ca in and out)
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21
Q

What is another function of vitamin D besides Ca regulation?

A

-bind to DNA so affects the level of proteins (hormones) made

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22
Q

What 3 diseases does a vitamin D deficiency cause?

  1. What population is it common in? Where in the body does it occur?
  2. What population does it take place in? Which joints do they occur in?
    * Where is Ca received in both diseases?*
  3. What is it? What happens? What population does it affect? Why?
A
  1. Rickets
    - common in children
    - occur in knee joint
  2. Osteomalacia
    - takes place in adults
    - in hip & wrist joints

both receiving Ca in incorrect locations (more so in one and less so in others)

  1. Osteoporosis
    - brittle bones = bone breakdown
    - not enough osteoblasts that make bones
    - affects females after menopose because not enough estrogen
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23
Q

Vitamin D is the most ______ vitamin. It is good as long as have _____ & _____. Does it need to use supplements?

A
  • potentially toxic
  • as long as have a well-balanced diet and sunlight good
  • do not need to do supplements
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24
Q

How is vitamin D get rid of?

A

through feces

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25
Q

What is the sequence of consequences of vitamin D toxicity? (3) What do they ultimately cause?

A
  • overwhelms kidney and forms kidney stores
  • which then affects function of heart
  • which then affects cardiac and skeletal muscle

kidney & heart failure

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26
Q

Vitamin D table:

sources (8), groups at risk of deficiency (3), toxicity (2)

A
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27
Q

What are the 2 classes of vitamin E? What is their difference? What are its structures? (2) Which of these is the only active form of vitamin E in humans?

A
  1. tocopherols: do not have db
    - only form of vitamin E active in humans
  2. tocotrienols: have db
  • R1, R2, R3 have CH3
  • alpha, beta, gamma determined by what is attached at C
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28
Q

What is the function of vitamin E? What does it do?

A
  • antioxidants: destroys free radicals (with unpaired e)

- willing to give up an e to a free radical (this does not make the vitamin E a radical)

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29
Q

What produces free radicals and what do they do? What can they cause? What prevents them?

A
  • smoking, air polution
  • destabilizes other structures by stripping e off
  • can cause cancer
  • antioxidants (vitamin E)
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30
Q

What are the sources of vitamin E? (3)

A

nuts, seeds, and their oils (like peanut oil)

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31
Q

Vitamin E deficiency

A

-all cells in body damaged

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32
Q

Vitamin E toxicity

A

-interferes with absorption of vitamin K

and too much K interferes with absorption vitamin E

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33
Q

Table: vitamin E

A
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34
Q

What is vitamin K also known as?

A

quinone

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35
Q

What are vitamin K sources? (3)

A

dark green plants, vegtable oils, large intestine

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36
Q

What is the function of vitamin K? (2)

A
  • blood clotting: required for formation of blood clotting facter (2, 7, 9, 10)
  • controls thickness/viscosty of blood: without it causes leaks everywhere (blood loss, hemorraging - nose bleeds, through feces)
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37
Q

What is the population group at risk for vitamin K deficiency? Why? How do they get the amount they need? and later?

A
  • newborns
  • not enough transported in breastmilk
  • gets injection as newborns
  • thru food when can eat food
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38
Q

Table: vitamin K

A
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39
Q

What is vitamin C also called?

A

ascorbic acid

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40
Q

What are the 3 functions of vitamin C? (2, 2, 0)

A
  1. Connective tissues
    - important role in the activation of enzymes that form collagen (most abundant protein in the body needed to make healthy tissue)
    - formation of carnitine
  2. Antioxidant
    - protects iron by binding to and neutralizing the charge of iron
    - pro-oxidant: give e to vitamin E & helps with regeneration of vitamin E (because does not “fight” as well as vitamin E)
  3. Hormone and neurotransmitter synthesis
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41
Q

Does vitamin C cure the common cold? What does it do? Which vitamins can carry this out?

A
  • NO

- but helps reduce symptoms of common cold because an antioxidant (any vitamin that is an antioxidant can!)

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42
Q

Sources of vitamin C (2)

A

-brightly colored fruits (especially citrus) and vegetables (ex. peppers)

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43
Q

How much additional vitamin C smoker must take to combat the free radicals from smoking?

A

35mg in addition to the every day 75 (female)-90 (male) mg

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44
Q

Table: vitamin C

A
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45
Q

What disease does a vitamin C deficiency cause? What is it associated with? What are the symptoms (3)? Why?

A
  • scurvy
  • associated with sailors because lack of produce for vitamin C sources
  • bleeding gym, poor wound healings, cracking skin because not enough collagen produced
46
Q

Vitamin C toxicity (3)

A

-GI distress, kidney stones, diarrhea

47
Q

What population group is at risk for vitamin C deficiency? (3)

A

smokers, alcoholic, elderly

48
Q

Is vitamin C is destroyed by (2)

A

heat & O2

49
Q

What is the difference between coenzyme and cofactor? What can coenzymes be?

A

Coenzyme = organic substance containing C
-any vitamin that requires enzyme to function

Cofactor = inorganic/minerals

50
Q

What 3 vitamin Bs are important for energy metabolism?

A

thiamin, niacin, riboflavin

51
Q

Which 2 vitamins are necessary for DNA & RNA synthesis?

A

folate, vitamin B12

52
Q

What vitamin is important for processing amino acids and making proteins?

A

B6

53
Q

What is thiamin also called?

A

B1

54
Q

Is thiamin a coenzyme?

A

yes so has C

55
Q

What is thiamin required for? (2)

A
  • energy metabolism: required in pyruvate dehydrogenase complex to produce Acetyl CoA
  • formation of nerve cell membranes
56
Q

What can thiamin deficiency cause? What is it? What are the 2 types? How are they different?

A
  • beriberi (weakness)
    1. dry beriberi = no swelling
    2. wet beriberi = swelling/edema due to fluid retention
57
Q

What population is at risk for thiamin deficiency? Why? What makes it a double whammy?

A
  • alcoholic since it is a diuretic. thiamin water-soluble so excreted thru urine
  • alcohol also impairs thiamin absorption
58
Q

What are sources of thiamin? (2)

A

-whole grain best, fish

59
Q

Table: thiamin

A
60
Q

What is riboflavin also called?

A

B2

61
Q

What is the function of riboflavin?

A

energy metabolism in all cells: precursor of FAD

62
Q

What are sources of riboflavin? (4)

A

eggs, yogurt, grain, dairy products

63
Q

How is riboflavin destroyed? (2) What is riboflavin strong against?

A
  1. UV light (why milk containers are opaque)
  2. Irradiation - exposure to radiation

-heat

64
Q

What is a deficiency in riboflavin called? What does it cause?

A
  • ariboflavinosis

- interferes with formation of tissues

65
Q

Table: riboflavin

A
66
Q

What is niacin also called?

A

B3

67
Q

What is the function of niacin?

A

-participates in energy metabolism by forming NAD (N iacin N ad)

68
Q

In whay form do we get niacin from food?

A

nicotinic acid

69
Q

What are major sources of niacin? (4)

A

grain products, meat, fish, poultry/chicken

70
Q

What does a niacin deficiency cause? (4) What is the good thing about this disease?

A
  • pellagra
  • dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death
  • can be stopped by taking niacin
71
Q

What group is at risk for niacin deficiency?

A

alcoholics

72
Q

Niacin toxicity - what was it used as in the past? Why do we not anymore? What is it also called?

A

-used in past to improve blood lipids called “niacin flush.” Niacin a vasodilator which reduces cardiovascular disease/hypertension. But that also causes a drop in blood pressure which can lead to hypotension

73
Q

Table: niacin

A
74
Q

What is a transfer 1 C compound? What vitamin is it?

A
  • transfer C from one compound to another

- folate

75
Q

What are the major sources of folate? (2)

A

dark green vegetables, enriched grain produts

76
Q

What is the function of folate? Who does it work with? What is its most important function?

A
  • formation of RBC
  • vitamin B12

-formation of neurons/nervous system

77
Q

What does a folate deficiency cause? (5)

A
  • anemia
  • diminished immunity
  • abnormal digestive function
  • cancer risk
  • neural tube defects (NT)
78
Q

Why are foods fortified with folate? What is its problem? What is it? What are the 2 specific types?

A
  • associated with NTD
  • when realize too late
  • brain/spinal cord not developed
  • anencephaly = brain not properly developed
  • spinal chord = spina bifida
79
Q

Folate toxicity. What is the relationship between folate and vitamin B12? What does vitamin B12 do? What is the relationship between the two?

A
  • mask B12 deficiency
  • B12 also the formation of RBC & neurons
  • vice versa
80
Q

What can a folate toxicity do? Like folate, what does vitamin B12 do? What is the relationship between the two?

A
  • mask B12 deficiency
  • B12 also the formation of RBC & neurons
  • vice versa
81
Q

Table: folate

A
82
Q

Which vitamins are coenzymes?

A

vitamin B

83
Q

What is vitamin B12 closely related to? What do they do for each other?

A
  • folate

- activate each other

84
Q

What is a function of vitamin B12? What is the major function of vitamin B12?

A
  • formation of myelin sheath around neurons

- RBC synthesis

85
Q

What are the sources of vitamin B12?

A

-meats, fish, poultry

86
Q

Vegans/vegetarians are at a risk of which vitamin deficiency?

A

B12

87
Q

What does a vitamin B12 deficiency cause?

A

anemia

88
Q

What is needed for the absorption of vitamin B12? (2) What is its process?

A
  • intrinsic factor: produced and released in the stomach, then binds to B12 in SI and absorbed
  • HCl cleaves bonds binding B12 to food
89
Q

Table: vitamin B12

A
90
Q

What is the role of vitamin B6?

A
  • transfers amino groups, which is required to make protein

* participates in over 100 reactions

91
Q

What are the sources of vitamin B6? (3)

A

meath, fish, poultry

92
Q

Table: vitamin B6

A
93
Q

What is the function of biotin? (3)

A
  • go from pyruvate to oxaloactetate (energy metabolism)
  • required for certain enzymes
  • gene expression
94
Q

What are the sources of biotin? (4)

A

meat, fish, nuts, egg yolks

95
Q

What are the symptoms of biotin deficiency? (4)

A
  1. depression
  2. lethargy
  3. hallucinations
  4. tingling sensations
96
Q

What is the process of biotin absorption in eggs?

A

raw egg whites contain advin, which binds to biotin & stay bound so not absorbed. when cook the egg advin gets broken down.

97
Q

Table: biotin

A
98
Q

What is the function of pantothenic acid?

A

needed to form Acetyl CoA

99
Q

What are the sources of pantothenic acid? (2)

A

sunflower seeds, fish

100
Q

What are the symptoms of pantothenic acid deficiency? (5) Which are due to _____.

A

vomiting, nausea, insomnia, depression, hypoglycemia (all due to lack of energy)

101
Q

Table: pantothenic acid

A
102
Q

What are non-B “vitamins”? (4)

A

choline, non vitamins (carnitine, inositol, lipoic acid)

103
Q

What is the function of choline?

A

-role in formation of acetylcholine

104
Q

What are the source of choline?

A

protein-rich foods

105
Q

Table: choline

A
106
Q

What is the function of carnitine?

A

shuttles FA to mitochondria for energy

107
Q

What is the function of inositol?

A

formation of cell membranes

108
Q

Research is done on inositol to see if _____.

A

if it can provide energy like glucose

109
Q

What is lipoic acid? What is it not?

A
  • antioxidant

- fat burner

110
Q

What are sources of lipoic acid? (4)

A

yeast, liver, kidney, broccoli

111
Q

What are the cons of supplements? (5)

A
  • food rarely causes nutrient imbalances/toxicities
  • supplement users likely to have excessive intakes
  • supplements are packaged, so at risk for contamination & safety (chance for human/machine error)
  • false sense of security (supplements do not keep you from developing conditions like cancer)
  • life-threatening misinformation (does it actually do what it is claimed to do?)
112
Q

What is the pro of supplements? Who does it help? (5)

A

-helps people prone to deficiencies

  • habitual dieters
  • elderly people with diminished appetite
  • people with wasting illnesses
  • people who omit entire food groups
  • people who lack knowledge or money to eat properly

Nutrition (13 decks)

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